Anal immunisation of carp and rainbow trout with different fractions of aVibrio anguillarumbacterin

Oral vaccination of fish againstVibrio anguillarumusing alginate microparticles

“…Tissue was further processed as described by Joosten et al (1996), but non-specific binding was blocked with 10% Newborn Calf Serum (NCS) for 30 min and all antibodies used in the procedure were diluted in PBS with 1% NCS. Sections were slightly post-stained with haemalum.…”

“…Systemic immune responses have been detected after anal immunisation (Georgopoulou & Vernier, 1986;Rombout et al, 1986Rombout et al, , 1989bJoosten et al, 1996). Oral or anal administration resulted in antigen-specific antibodies in skin mucus, bile or intestine in several fish species (Fletcher & White, 1973;Kawai et al, 1981;Rombout et al, 1986Rombout et al, , 1989b.…”

“…In this study a microparticle system for protection of the antigen and e$cient oral vaccine delivery to the second gut segment of fish was tested in carp (stomachless) and trout (stomach-containing). The 800 g supernatant of a Vibrio anguillarum bacterin, found to result in a good memory formation after anal intubation (Joosten et al, 1996), was encapsulated in microparticles. Uptake of antigens by enterocytes after feeding the microparticles and memory formation were studied.…”

Preparation and anatomical distribution study of 67Ga-alginic acid nanoparticles for SPECT purposes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…Instead of bone marrow and lymph nodes, the head kidney serves as a major lymphoid organ, in addition to the thymus and spleen in fi sh [23]. Accordingly, previous studies conducted on the use of Ergosan (alginic acid) in vaccine formulations had given very good antibody responses due to stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation [21,[24][25][26] and increased liver cytokine gene expression [27]. In addition, alginic acid and fucoidan can stimulate some cellular immune responses of head kidney leukocytes in cod, Gadus morhua [28].…”

The Immune System Drugs in Fish: Immune Function, Immunoassay, Drugs

“…Instead, the head kidney serves as a major lymphoid organ, in addition to the thymus and spleen (Press & Evensen, 1999). Gut associated lymphoid tissues are also known lymphoid organs, and have been shown to function in eliciting immune responses in carp (Joosten et al, 1996). Some teleosts, such as plaice, have been shown to possess a lymphatic system that is differentiated from the blood vascular system, though the existence of such a system has been challenged in other species (Hølvold, 2007).…”