“…Outcome measurements included Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), the McGill Pain Questionnaire; the dose of opioids administered or consumed postoperatively, postoperative pain medication selection, patient satisfaction interviews, analgesic duration, and effects on discharge (Alford & Fadale 2003;Bushnell, Sakryd, & Noonan 2010;Choi, McCartney, & van der Vyver 2010;Edkin, McCarty, Spindler, & Flanagan 1999;Edkin et al 1995;Farid, Jeiner, & Fleissner 2010;Frost et al 2000;Iskandar, Benard, Ruel-Raymond, Cochard, & Manaud 2003;Mall & Wright 2010;Mayr, Entholzner, Hube, Hein, & Weig 2007;Mulroy, Larkin, Batra, Hodgson, & Owens 2001). The articles primarily focused on the immediate 24 hour postoperative period as well as post-operative day (POD) one through three.…”