Analgesic and systemic effects of ketamine, xylazine, and lidocaine after subarachnoid administration in goats

DeRossi, Rafael; Junqueira, Alexandre Lopes; Beretta, Marcelo Paixão

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.51

Cited by 36 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Epidural or subarachnoid injection of KE for perineal or flank analgesia in horses 4 , cattle 5,6 and goats 7,27 has been reported previously. Systemically, KE increases arterial blood pressure and stimulates sympathetic activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Lumbosacral epidural magnesium prolongs ketamine analgesia in conscious sheep

DeRossi¹,

Pompermeyer²,

Silva-Neto

et al. 2012

Acta Cir. Bras.

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PURPOSE:To determine the analgesic, motor, sedation and systemic effects of lumbosacral epidural magnesium sulphate added to ketamine in the sheep. METHODS: Six healthy adult male mixed-breed sheep; weighing 43 ± 5 kg and aged 20-36 months. Each sheep underwent three treatments, at least 2 weeks apart, via epidural injection: (1) ketamine (KE; 2.5 mg/kg), (2) magnesium sulphate (MG; 100 mg), and (3) KE + MG (KEMG; 2.5 mg/kg + 100 mg, respectively). Epidural injections were administered through the lumbosacral space. Analgesia, motor block, sedation, cardiovascular effects, respiratory rate, skin temperature, and rectal temperature were evaluated before (baseline) and after drug administration as needed. RESULTS:The duration of analgesia with the lumbosacral epidural KEMG combination was 115 ± 17 min (mean ± SD), that is, more than twice that obtained with KE (41 ± 7 min) or MG (29 ± 5 min) alone. KE and KEMG used in this experiment induced severe ataxia. The heart rate and arterial blood pressures changes were no statistical difference in these clinically health sheep. CONCLUSION: The dose of magnesium sulphate to lumbosacral epidural ketamine in sheep is feasible, and can be used in procedures analgesics in sheep. Key words: Ketamine. Analgesia, Epidural. Magnesium Sulfate. Sheep. RESUMO OBJETIVO:Determinar os efeitos analgésicos, motores, sedativos e sistêmicos da adição de sulfato de magnésio na analgesia epidural com quetamina em carneiros. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados seis carneiros machos sadios, pesando 43 ± 5 kg, com idade entre 20 a 36 meses. Cada animal recebeu três tratamentos, com duas semanas entre experimentos via administração epidural: (1) quetamina (KE; 2,5 mg/kg), (2) sulfato de magnésio (MG; 100 mg) e (3) KE + MG (KEMG; 2,5 mg/kg + 100 mg, respectivamente). As administrações epidurais foram administradas no espaço lombosacral. Analgesia, bloqueio motor, sedação, efeitos cardiovasculares, freqüência respiratória, temperatura retal e de pele foram avaliados antes (basal) e depois da administração dos fármacos até o fim da analgesia. RESULTADOS: A duração da analgesia com o tratamento KEMG foi 115 ± 17 min (média ± DP), duas vezes superior ao obtido com o tratamento KE (41 ± 7 min) ou tratamento MG (29 ± 5 min) isolados. Os tratamentos KE e KEMG induziram bloqueio motor severo. As pressões arteriais e freqüência cardíaca não foram estatisticamente significantes nestes animais. CONCLUSÃO: A adição de sulfato de magnésio a analgesia epidural com quetamina é viável, e pode ser usado para prolongar os efeitos analgésicos destes bloqueios em carneiros. Descritores: Quetamina. Analgesia Epidural. Sulfato de Magnésio. Ovinos.DeRossi R et al.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Lumbosacral epidural magnesium prolongs ketamine analgesia in conscious sheep

DeRossi¹,

Pompermeyer²,

Silva-Neto

et al. 2012

Acta Cir. Bras.

Self Cite

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“…It has been reported that ketamine administered spinally produced a significant increase in HR, 7 while others did not find any significant changes. 5,6,10 It is known, however, that ketamine is a cardiovascular stimulant, so intramuscular or intravenous administration of ketamine causes an increase in HR and blood pressure. 16,17 In this study, intrathecal injection of ketamine-lidocaine did not induce significant changes in RR and RT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Local anesthetics such as lidocaine hydrochloride, sedatives such as xylazine, and opioids such as butorphanol or their combinations have been used for epidural analgesia in ruminants. 2,3,[5][6][7] In addition, subarachnoid ketamine injection has been advocated for surgeries involving the hind legs, perineum, vulva, and rectum in small ruminants. 7,8 A combination of drugs for the induction of analgesia is usually advantageous over the administration of a single drug.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,8 A combination of drugs for the induction of analgesia is usually advantageous over the administration of a single drug. 6 Ketamine has been used in combinations with a variety of sedatives or local anesthetics. 2,3,[5][6][7][8][9] Combination of ketamine with either xylazine or medetomidine produces analgesia of the hindquarters for 45-60 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the clinical and analgesic effects of subarachnoid ketamine-lidocaine administration in goats undergoing mastectomy

Daradka¹,

Ismail²

2014

VMRR

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Twenty adult female goats affected with chronic mastitis were subjected to mastectomy or hemimastectomy under subarachnoid regional analgesia using a ketaminelidocaine combination. Ketamine at 1.5 mg/kg and lidocaine hydrochloride at 1.25 mg/kg were administered intrathecally at the lumbosacral intervertebral space. Goats were then subjected to a 120-minute observation period for systemic or neurotoxic symptoms such as agitation, restlessness, hind limb paralysis, or seizures. In addition, analgesia of the caudal abdominal region and signs of systemic sedation were scored on a scale of 0-3. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were also recorded prior to (baseline values) and at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after administration. Mastectomy or hemimastectomy operation was carried out after full assurance of the analgesic effect on the udder and caudal abdominal region. Time of onset of surgical analgesia (score 3) was achieved at 15 minutes and lasted for 60 minutes. Maximal sedation score was recorded at 15 minutes and lasted for 60 minutes, then decreased thereafter, with the lowest sedation score recorded at 120 minutes. There was a significant (P,0.05) rise in heart rate at some point between 5-90 minutes, while the respiratory rate and rectal temperature did not change significantly from baseline values. Postoperatively, animals did not show any signs of pain or discomfort. Follow-up on the operated goats showed that all wounds were fully healed without any significant complications. In goats, intrathecal administration of ketaminelidocaine combination resulted in a safe and effective analgesia of the caudal abdominal and udder region sufficient to perform mastectomy or hemimastectomy.

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“…Xylazine is an α 2 -adrenergic receptor agonist sedative with analgesic properties that has a significant effect on depression of the heart rate and the respiratory system (Derossi et al 2003). Tramadol is an effective centrally acting analgesic (Lee et al 1993) that additionally acts as a monoamine reuptake inhibitor (Desmeules et al 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of the tiletamine/zolazepam-xylazine-tramadol combination on plasma oxidative status and haematological indicators in miniature pigs

Jiang

Fan

et al. 2014

Acta Vet. Brno

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Oxidative stress in the body occurs when the production of free radicals overwhelms the antioxidant defence systems. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a tiletamine/ zolazepam-xylazine-tramadol combination on the antioxidant status, lipoperoxidase and blood cell indicators in eight miniature pigs. Baseline measures were recorded prior to anaesthesia, then the animals were anaesthetized with the combination of tiletamine/zolazepam (3.5 mg/kg), xylazine (1.32 mg/kg), and tramadol (1.8 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected from the anterior vena cava at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 min, 24 h, and 72 h after anaesthesia. Plasma malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase concentrations were measured by colorimetry, and red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, haemoglobin and packed cell volume were determined using an automated cell counter. The results showed that the concentration of malondialdehyde increased significantly at 30 and 60 min after the injection (P < 0.05), whereas glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity increased slightly (P > 0.05) then returned to baseline values after 90 min (P > 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 30 and 60 min, and then gradually decreased to baseline values after 90 min. Changes in red blood cell counts, haemoglobin and packed cell volume were not significant, while white blood cell count decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at 30 and 60 min. Our study is the first to demonstrate that tiletamine/zolazepam-xylazine-tramadol provide antioxidant effects, which may be proposed for alleviating the stress of examination and research at veterinary clinics or long-distance transportation.

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Analgesic and systemic effects of ketamine, xylazine, and lidocaine after subarachnoid administration in goats

Cited by 36 publications

References 33 publications

Lumbosacral epidural magnesium prolongs ketamine analgesia in conscious sheep

Lumbosacral epidural magnesium prolongs ketamine analgesia in conscious sheep

Evaluation of the clinical and analgesic effects of subarachnoid ketamine-lidocaine administration in goats undergoing mastectomy

Effects of the tiletamine/zolazepam-xylazine-tramadol combination on plasma oxidative status and haematological indicators in miniature pigs

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