Analyser l'exportation des normes au-delà de l'Union européenne

Abstract

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Policy transfer within the European Union and beyond: Europeanization in times of stability and crises

“…The focus on these areas shed light on new facets of Europeanization, revealing that it also occurs through forms of emulation when states or regions voluntarily allow Europeanization to take over their norms and policies (Barbé and Johannsson Nogués, 2008). Other authors have shown that the export of norms and values abroad represents a mix of international and European norms (Petiteville, 2006;Tulmets, 2014b). In other words, the EU is not always a source of change, and is also one among many others.…”

“…Against this backdrop, a few scholars investigated under which conditions EU norms are or are not transferred to countries geographically close to the EU, especially to those participating in the ENP (Featherstone and Kazamias, 2001;Buzogányi and Costa, 2009;Wolczuk and Langbein 2012;Delcour, 2013). While early works tended to opt for an institutionalist approach and the transfer of 'hard' norms in a hierarchical or unilateral way, further analyses also considered the transfer of 'soft' norms, benchmarks, knowledge and ways of behaving in a more horizontal or transnational approach (Sedelmeier, 2001;Tulmets, 2005aTulmets, , 2005bTulmets, , 2010Tulmets, , 2014bNoutcheva, 2008). Current work sheds light on the domestic reasons of non-Europeanization (cf.…”

“…They also focus on the role that domestic conditions play in the processes of diffusion and reception of EU norms abroad, looking at interactions between actors and especially at non-implementation and resistances on the ground (cf. Delpeuch and Vassileva, 2010;Delcour, 2013;Delcour and Wolczuk, 2013;Saurugger andTerpan, 2013, 2015;Tulmets, 2014b;Björkdal et al, 2015;Natorski, 2016). Thus, scholars have shown that partner countries are able to resist the EU's normative conditions, like Algeria and Azerbaijan, which provide the EU with gas and oil and are therefore able to express their own views in bilateral negotiations (Weber, 2014;cf.…”

“…Indeed, in looking also at the process of norm production in the EU regarding the ENP policy, one can conclude that not all problems linked to the failures of EU policies on the ground lie with the partner countries. As EU norms and values are interpreted in different ways by the EU member states and national foreign policy trajectories continue to play an important role in the way EU policies are implemented, this also explains, to some extent, the inconsistencies and incoherence in the EU's foreign policy, and thus show the limits to Europeanization in the field of foreign policy (Tulmets, 2014a(Tulmets, , 2014b.…”

The Mundane Face of Europeanization: Norm Implementation through Expert Interactions in Georgia 2012-2020

“…This chapter aims at exploring the conditions by which international organizations are able to act as "conveyor belts" through which norms are diffused to national contexts, with a particular focus on how such norms are transferred from the European Union to countries participating in the European Neighbourhood Policy. It will start with a definition of the concept of norms, followed by a conceptual clarification, since the research on norm diffusion is divided into various disciplines and analytical approaches that have little interaction with each other (Tulmets, 2014a;Delcour & Tulmets, 2019). In order to better grasp the overarching characteristics and mechanisms behind norm diffusion, a second section of this chapter will look particularly at two different traditions that have attracted considerable scholarly attention: Europeanization and policy transfer studies.…”