Analyses of carcinogenic aromatic amines released from harmful azo colorants by Streptomyces SP. SS07

Optimization of Fenton-biological treatment scheme for the treatment of aqueous dye solutions

“…Color in the textile mill effluent is one of the most obvious indicators of water pollution and the discharge of highly colored synthetic dye effluents is aesthetically displeasing and can damage the receiving water body by impeding penetration of light [4,5]. Moreover, most of the azo dyes and degradation product of most of the dyes are cytotoxic [6] or carcinogenic [7]. Hence, the government legislation on discharge of dye effluents is becoming more and more stringent, especially in developed countries [8] and it is expected that this legislation will also become more stringent in the developing countries in near future.…”

Analytical Aspects of Aromatic Amines

“…In the case of anionic dyestuffs analysis for the presence of PAA, 10 mL of solution, containing 1 g L −1 of the dye at pH 6, is passed through a SAX cartridge where the dyes are retained before the PAA enter the preconcentration column. Excellent recoveries were observed for water samples spiked with 2 ppb of 4-aminobiphenyl (7a), benzidine (7b), 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine (7c), 3,3 -dimethylbenzidine (7d), 2-naphthylamine (9a) and 4-aminoazobenzene (16a) of Table 1, or with the dyestuffs Sunset Yellow FCF (74) and Amaranth (75), spiked on a dry basis with 10 and 100 ppm of the same aromatic amines, respectively, as determined by HPLC-UVD 135 .…”

“…For example, the extracellular fluid protein of Streptomyces sp. was found to catalyze decolorization by reduction of Xylidine Ponceau-2R (55) to yield 2,4-xylidine (2b), 2,6-xylidine (2d) and 2,4,5-trimethylaniline (3), and either Direct Black-38 (56) or Direct Brown-1 (57) to yield 4-aminobiphenyl (7a) and benzidine (7b) 74 ; Acid Black 077 (58) yields 7b 73 . The amines obtained from azo dye degradation were analyzed by UVV spectrophotometry, HPLC-UVD, LC-MS and GC-MS 74 .…”

“…was found to catalyze decolorization by reduction of Xylidine Ponceau-2R (55) to yield 2,4-xylidine (2b), 2,6-xylidine (2d) and 2,4,5-trimethylaniline (3), and either Direct Black-38 (56) or Direct Brown-1 (57) to yield 4-aminobiphenyl (7a) and benzidine (7b) 74 ; Acid Black 077 (58) yields 7b 73 . The amines obtained from azo dye degradation were analyzed by UVV spectrophotometry, HPLC-UVD, LC-MS and GC-MS 74 . Methods were proposed for analysis of azo dyes used in toys 75 or leather 76 manufacture, based on cleavage of the azo group with sodium dithionite (Na 2 S 2 O 4 ) and end analysis of the resulting PAA solutions by RP-HPLC with DA-UVD.…”

Ultrasonic Extraction Coupled with Capillary Electrophoresis for the Determination of Azo Dyes in Lipsticks Using Ionic Liquid as Dynamic Coating and Background Electrolyte

“…The anaerobic reduction and cleavage of azo-bonds by mammalian intestinal microorganisms can generate degradation products. The mainly representative degradation products are aromatic amines, 5,6 which are potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic to the human body. In recent years, the researches on azo dyes were mainly focused on food, 7 textile, 8,9 and wastewater, [10][11][12][13] and did not pay much attention to cosmetics.…”