“…Whereas, CPE can be applied on various kinds of substrate materials, such as metals, alloys, silicon and carbon. So far, various CPE techniques have been developed rapidly, such as surface cleaning [11], preparation of carbon nanotubes, diamond-like carbon films and diamond particles [12,13], carburizing, nitrocarburizing and borocarburizing [14][15][16], deposition of metal coatings [17][18][19] and ceramic coatings [20][21][22]. However, CPE techniques have to overcome the challenge from the high plasma discharge ignition current in the CPE process, so that CPE techniques could be widely used in industry.…”