“…For example, during a sudden passage of dark clouds, ESS can support PV crops to restore voltage dip, resulting in a smooth output of [48,49]. Other ESS applications include improving power quality [50,51], emergency operating reserves [52,53], decreasing the likelihood of power blackouts [54], supply and demand matching [55], load shifting [56], transmission and distribution deferral upgrade [57], grid black start [58], energy arbitration [59], voltage support [60], frequency balancing [61,62] and conventional generation reduction during peak hours [63]. In addition, as shown in this paper, one of the most significant applications is to reduce operation and maintenance costs.…”