Analysis and monitoring of chloramphenicol residues in food of animal origin in Slovenia from 1991 to 2000

Abstract

To prevent the illegal use of chloramphenicol (CAP), regulatory control of its residues in food of animal origin is essential. In Slovenia, the monitoring of CAP residues for statutory purpose started in 1991. The results of a 10-year period are presented. CAP residues were determined by capillary gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD) using meta-CAP as an internal standard (ISTD). Before chromatographic determination, analytes were derivatized by silylation. Overall, CAP recovery, adjusted for ISTD, was for bovine muscle tissue and raw cow's milk (in the region of 2-10 microg kg(-1)) 89 and 102%, respectively, and for whole eggs, 87% (in the region of 1-10 microg kg(-1)). The use of meta-CAP improved significantly the precision of the method. The detection limit for CAP was 1 microg kg(-1), which was sufficiently sensitive for routine use. A total of 1308 random samples of Slovenian origin were analysed from 1991 to 2000, covering all parts of the country. CAP was found only in one milk sample in 1997 at a concentration of 4.6 microg kg(-1).

Determination of chloramphenicol residues in commercial chicken eggs in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

“…In Slovenia, between 1991 and 2000, a survey of 1308 different animal tissue products including eggs showed CAP residues were determined (using GC) in only one milk sample with a prevalence of 0.1% (Cerkvenik 2002). This low prevalence results from the CAP residue monitoring and a consequence of the strict prohibition of this veterinary drug for food-producing animals, as well as a proper veterinary sanitary control of its residues in Slovenia.…”

“…Derivatisation techniques, in general, are not preferred for residue analysis because they are time-consuming and not reproducible at trace levels. Development of methods using microbiological, chemical (HPLC, GC) and immunological (EIA, RIA) techniques have led to the consequential lowering of the LOD in the matrices investigated by a factor of ≥ 1000 (Cerkvenik 2002). The ELISA method, however, has the advantages of quick assay time, no cross-reactivity of secondary antibody with components in the antigen sample, no health hazards compared with radio-immunoassays and its sensitivity is better than chromatographic methods.…”

Rapid determination of chloramphenicol and its glucuronide in food products by liquid chromatography–electrospray negative ionization tandem mass spectrometry

“…The methods applied for CAP may be divided into two groups: preliminary screening done by immunoassay [5][6][7] and confirmatory methods, based on gas chromatographymass spectrometry [7,8], or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.…”

Quantitative determination of chloramphenicol in milk powders by isotope dilution liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

“…Several analytical methods have been developed for the analysis of CAP in animal-derived foods and include rapid test kits (radio-and enzyme-immunoassays) [10][11], thin layer chromatography [12][13], and chromatographic techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) coupled to an electron capture detector [14], immunoaffinity chromatography [15], molecular imprinted polymers with voltammetric detection [16] or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection [17][18][19]. However, none of the above-mentioned methods have the required specificity to unequivocally confirm a positive result.…”