Analysis, Development, and Scaling-Up of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Biocomposites with Hazelnuts Shell Powder (HSP)

Aliotta, Laura; Vannozzi, Alessandro; Bonacchi, Daniele; Coltelli, Maria Beatrice; Lazzeri, Andrea

doi:10.3390/polym13234080

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Augustin-Salazar et al confirmed the degradation effect of nutshell on polyesters reporting that the onset of thermal degradation in PLA-based biocomposites with pecan nutshells assume the lowest values if mixed with the holocellulosic fraction in respect to the lignin or the whole nutshell [73]. Moreover, despite that the HSPs were dried before extrusion, some residual humidity could be also present in the hygroscopic cellulosic material [59].…”

Section: Melt Flow Analysismentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Comparing the effect of the coarser HSP (F2) in respect to the finest one (F3), it was shown a lower torque value for the finest HSP. This result can be explained considering that HSPs induces into the polymeric matrix some chain scission caused by the reactions between their surface groups (mainly hydroxyl groups on holocellulose component) or the humidity content with biopolyesters [47,59,71]. In fact, it was reported that the hydrolytic scission of ester bond of PLA and its composites was mainly caused by the diffusion of water in the amorphous region and the presence of -OH groups [72].…”

Section: Melt Flow Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, the 1minute extrusion did not provoke the thermal degradation of the pure matrix but significant chain scission was promoted in the presence of the filler, which resulted in an increase in slope for trend of F2 and F3 with respect to F1. Although the HSP was accurately dried before use, it was found to retain bound water, which is released only during extrusion provoking the hydrolysis of the matrix [59]. Regarding the differences in trends of the two HSP typologies, a higher effect of the ESO/DCA systems can be observed on the coarser powder in respect to the finest one.…”

Section: Melt Flow Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fully Biobased Reactive Extrusion of Biocomposites Based on PLA Blends and Hazelnut Shell Powders (HSP)

et al. 2021

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The production of biocomposites based on natural fiber waste and biopolymers is constantly increasing because of their renewability, biodegradability, and the accordance with the circular economy principles. The aim of this work is to contrast the disadvantages in the production of biocomposites, such as reduction of molecular weight through the use of biobased chain extenders. For this purpose, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) were used to contrast the slight chain scission observed in a poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) binary blend caused by the melt mixing with hazelnut shell powder (HSP). Two different dimensions of HSPs were considered in this study as well as different concentrations of the ESO/DCA system, comparing succinic acid and malic acid as dicarboxylic acids. Melt viscosity parameters, such as torque and melt volume rate (MVR), were measured to investigate the chain extender effect during the extrusion. In addition, the reactivity of the ESO/DCA system was investigated through infrared spectroscopy. The effect of chain extenders on thermal properties, in particular on the crystallinity of PLA, and on mechanical properties of final biocomposites was investigated to understand their potentialities in industrial application. Results of this study evidenced a modest increase in melt viscosity due to ESO/malic acid chain extension system, but only for the HSP with the lower dimension (so the higher surface area) and adding 0.5 wt.% of ESO/malic acid. Thus, the slight chain scission of polyesters, not significantly affecting the final properties of these biocomposites, is the most relevant effect that was revealed in this complex reactive system.

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Section: Melt Flow Analysismentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Melt Flow Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Melt Flow Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fully Biobased Reactive Extrusion of Biocomposites Based on PLA Blends and Hazelnut Shell Powders (HSP)

et al. 2021

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“…Hazelnut shell (HS) powder was provided by Agrindustria Tecco (Agrindustria Tecco, Cuneo, Italy) [ 30 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They reported that ELO had a dual role as a coupling agent and/or a plasticizer, but overall, it improved the overall performance of the PLA/HS composite. Similarly, Aliotta et al [ 30 ] used analytical models to evaluate the effect of powder size and adhesion between HS and the PLA matrix. In addition, they reported interesting results for scaled-up composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Waste Hazelnut Shells as a Reinforcement in the Development of Green Biocomposites

et al. 2022

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Biodegradable Mater-Bi (MB) composites reinforced with hazelnut shell (HS) powder were prepared in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder followed by compression molding and injection molding. The effects of reinforcement on the morphology, static and dynamic mechanical properties, and thermal and rheological properties of MB/HS biocomposites were studied. Rheological tests showed that the incorporation of HS significantly increased the viscosity of composites with non-Newtonian behavior at low frequencies. On the other hand, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination revealed poor interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the filler. The thermal property results indicated that HS could act as a nucleating agent to promote the crystallization properties of biocomposites. Furthermore, the experimental results indicated that the addition of HS led to a significant improvement in the thermomechanical stability of the composites. This paper demonstrates that the incorporation of a low-cost waste product, such as hazelnut shells, is a practical way to produce low-cost biocomposites with good properties. With a content of HS of 10%, a remarkable improvement in the elastic modulus and impact strength was observed in both compression and injection-molded samples. With a higher content of HS, however, the processability in injection molding was strongly worsened.

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Wood flour and hazelnut shells polylactide‐based biocomposites for packaging applications: Characterization, photo‐oxidation, and compost burial degradation

Baiamonte,

Rapisarda,

Mistretta

et al. 2024

Polymer Composites

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In this work, polylactide (PLA) was loaded with wood flour (WF) or hazelnut shells (HSs) (10% and 20% of fillers). The matrix and biocomposites were fully characterized from a mechanical and rheological point of view to test their processability and mechanical performance. Compost burial degradation test (30 days), with or without a prior photo‐oxidation step, assessed their biodegradability after an outdoor application, and was monitored by weight loss (WL). The viscosity of the biocomposites was lower than that of the matrix and this unusual result can be attributed to a limited adhesion between the PLA and fillers. Both fillers increased the elastic modulus but decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break. As for the weathering, the degradation of PLA was mostly due to hydrolytic chain scission due to the presence of humidity. Resistance of PLA to UV irradiation improved in presence of both the two fillers. Their lignocellulosic nature was responsible for this behavior. Both fillers induced a high resistance and lower degradation in compost: WL percentages of virgin PLA was about 26%, biocomposites with 20% of WF or HS showed WL of about 10% and 14%, respectively. Photo‐oxidation (36 h with condensation cycle) increased the compost degradation rate of both biocomposites and WL of PLA with 20% of WF or HS were about 15% and 21%, respectively, after 30 days.Highlights Poor adhesion between the matrix and fillers reduced the biocomposites viscosity. Fillers increased the elastic modulus but decreased the properties at break. Both fillers improved the resistance of PLA to UV irradiation. Biocomposites showed a lower susceptibility to compost degradation than PLA. Photo‐oxidation increased the compost degradation rate of biocomposites.

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Analysis, Development, and Scaling-Up of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Biocomposites with Hazelnuts Shell Powder (HSP)

Cited by 18 publications

References 47 publications

Fully Biobased Reactive Extrusion of Biocomposites Based on PLA Blends and Hazelnut Shell Powders (HSP)

Fully Biobased Reactive Extrusion of Biocomposites Based on PLA Blends and Hazelnut Shell Powders (HSP)

The Use of Waste Hazelnut Shells as a Reinforcement in the Development of Green Biocomposites

Wood flour and hazelnut shells polylactide‐based biocomposites for packaging applications: Characterization, photo‐oxidation, and compost burial degradation

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