Analysis, fate studies and monitoring of the antifungal agent clotrimazole in the aquatic environment

Peschka, Manuela; Roberts, Paul; Knepper, Thomas P.

doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1480-z

Cited by 61 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Clotrimazole is a weak base with a reported pK a of 6.12 [19]. In the unprotonated form the log K OW is 4.1 [19], but the K OW decreases with pH as the molecule becomes charged [24]. These characteristics suggest that both non-ionic and pHdependent ionic interactions can influence the sorption of clotrimazole to soil, with the strength varying with soil pH, organic matter, and clay content.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Fate of the antifungal drug clotrimazole in agricultural soil

Sabourin

Al-Rajab

Chapman

et al. 2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Clotrimazole is a broad-spectrum antimycotic drug used for the treatment of dermatological and gynecological infections; it is incompletely broken down during sewage treatment and could potentially reach agricultural land through the application of municipal biosolids or wastewater. In the absence of any environmental fate data, we evaluated the persistence and dissipation pathways of (3)H-clotrimazole during laboratory incubations of agricultural soils. Clotrimazole was removed from a loam (time to dissipate 50% = 68 d), a sandy loam (time to dissipate 50% = 36 d), and a clay loam (time to dissipate 50% = 55 d), with formation of nonextractable residues being the major sink for (3) H. Their parent compound had no significant mineralization, as evidenced by the lack of formation of (3) H(2) O. Up to 15% of the applied radioactivity was recovered in the form of [(3)H]-(2-chlorophenyl)diphenyl methanol. The rate of clotrimazole dissipation in the loam soil did not vary with moisture content, but it was slower at a lower temperature (number of days to dissipate 50% = 275.6 d at 4°C). Addition of municipal biosolids to the loam soil did not vary the clotrimazole dissipation rate. In summary, the present study has established that clotrimazole is dissipated in soil, at rates that varied with soil texture and temperature. Clotrimazole dissipation was accompanied by the formation of nonextractable residues and detectable extractable residues of the transformation product (2-chlorophenyl)diphenyl methanol.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Fate of the antifungal drug clotrimazole in agricultural soil

Sabourin

Al-Rajab

Chapman

et al. 2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Determination of clotrimazole and fluconazole by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tanden mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in aquatic environmental samples have been reported in the last eight years [8][9][10][11][12][13], whereas only a few articles have been published on the analysis of these compounds in sludge by using LC-MS/MS, and where the presence of clotrimazole, and in some cases of fluconazole, in this matrix has been reported [12][13][14]. However, validated methods for the analysis of these azoles in soil or soil solution have not been found in the scientific literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of moisture on the availability and persistence of clotrimazole and fluconazole in sludge‐amended soil

García-Valcárcel

Tadeo

2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Applying sewage sludge to soil is a common practice in many parts of the world. Thus, pharmaceutical compounds, such as azoles, can be released into the environment after sludge is applied to soil. To understand the fate of clotrimazole and fluconazole (pharmaceuticals used as antifungals in humans) in soil after its amendment with sludge, a reliable and sensitive method has been developed to determine these compounds in the solid and aqueous phases of soil. Desorption of clotrimazole from soil amended with sludge was negligible, whereas a rapid desorption of fluconazole was observed. Dissipation rates of these azoles were determined in amended soil incubated at 25°C with moisture contents ranging from 4.5 to 20%. Clotrimazole was more persistent than fluconazole in dry soil, whereas the contrary occurred in wet soil. Partitioning soil:soil solution of these azoles varied with time and moisture contents. Clotrimazole was found in soil with negligible amounts in soil solution, whereas fluconazole was approximately partitioned 50:50 during the assay time (60 d) at any soil moisture content. Occasional rainfall coupled with a relatively low binding soil capacity can result in the contamination of surface and groundwaters by fluconazole, whereas clotrimazole will remain in the soil.

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“…Azole antifungals have been detected in wastewater and surface water in Europe (Berenzen et al, 2005;Gasperi et al, 2008;Kahle et al, 2008;Lindberg et al, 2010;Peschka et al, 2007;Roberts and Thomas, 2006;Stamatis et al, 2010;Thomas and Hilton, 2004;Van De Steene and Lambert, 2008). Persistence of clotrimazole, fluconazole, tebuconazole, and propiconazole has also been reported (Kahle et al, 2008;Lindberg et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%