Analysis of a Parallel Hybrid Electric Tractor for Agricultural Applications

Mocera, Francesco; Somà, Aurelio

doi:10.3390/en13123055

Cited by 67 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This characteristic is crucial when it comes to NRMMs, where each field of application requires special custom solutions. Thus, the knowledge of the load characteristics and of the working cycle of each type of machine is mandatory to design an optimal architectural solution [33,34]. Looking closer at the structure of all the possible electric topologies, three basic functional schemes can be identified: full electric, series hybrid and parallel hybrid [35][36][37][38][39].…”

Section: Basic Hybrid and Electric Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Hybrid Electric Architectures in Construction, Handling and Agriculture Machines

Mocera¹,

Somà²

2022

New Perspectives on Electric Vehicles

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Recent regulations on pollutant emissions have pushed working machines manufacturers towards research and development efforts to meet the strict limits imposed. For a long time, the use of gas aftertreatment systems have been the most widely accepted solution to reduce the amount of pollutants produced per unit of work done. However, lower emissions limits lead to larger systems and consequently higher difficulties in vehicle integration. Thus, alternative solutions have been studied in the last years to solve the emissions problem using wisely the on-board space. Hybrid electric technologies represent a valuable alternative in this direction. In this work, a review of the current state of the art in the adoption of hybrid and electric technologies on working vehicles is proposed. Due to the high amount of application fields and concepts for special applications, the analysis focused on the three major fields which however includes most of the working machines: Construction, Handling and Agriculture. This work highlights how the requirements of each specific field, strongly affects the design of an optimal hybrid electric architectures.

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Section: Basic Hybrid and Electric Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Hybrid Electric Architectures in Construction, Handling and Agriculture Machines

Mocera¹,

Somà²

2022

New Perspectives on Electric Vehicles

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“…The energy consumption values of the electric tractor in rotary harrow, atomizer, and shredder duties were obtained. Since there are no standard test procedures established for the duties of the electric tractor, the cycle values of the duties are taken from the reference source [26,27]. The speed and torque cycles of the duties were created by making the necessary adjustments in the referenced graphics.…”

Section: Electric Tractor Resistance Force Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of an Electric Tractor and Determining Energy Consumption Values In Different Duties

Kocakulak¹,

Thallapalli²

2021

eng.pers

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In this study, a model of an electric tractor was created in MATLAB / Simulink environment, and performance and fuel consumption values were determined. The power transmission system, control unit, electric motor model, energy consumption, and battery subsystems of the electric tractor are included. Reference is made to a study in the literature, as there is no standardized test procedure for tractors. The energy consumption values of the electric tractor for rotary harrow, atomizer, and shredder duties have been examined. In determining the performance of the electric tractor, only the maximum speed value was included. If the reduction ratio of the electric tractor is 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, the maximum speed values and the amount of energy consumed during the process of different duties were determined and evaluated. If the reduction ratio is below 50, no results could be obtained because he could not fulfill his duties in this study. It has been determined that if the reduction ratio is 50, the electric tractor consumes 3.985, 1.266, and 3.787 kWh energy in rotary harrow, atomizer, and shredder duties, respectively. It has been determined that if the reduction ratio is 100, the electric tractor consumes 3.604, 1.145, and 3.535 kWh energy in rotary harrow, atomizer, and shredder duties, respectively. It is concluded that if the reduction ratio of the electric tractor is 50, 60, 7, 80, 90, and 100, it reaches the maximum speed values of 62.

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“…Currently, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are among the most widespread rechargeable energy storage systems, and play a crucial role in a wide field of applications, from micro electronic up to heavy-duty vehicles [1][2][3]. A reliable state of charge (SOC) estimation and the understanding of mechanical characterization of LIB are still discussed arguments among the international research community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Characterization of Lithium-Ion Cell Strain Using Laser Sensors

Clerici¹,

Mocera²,

Somà³

2021

Energies

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The characterization of thickness change during operation of LFP/Graphite prismatic batteries is presented in this work. In this regard, current rate dependence, hysteresis behaviour between charge and discharge and correlation with phase changes are deepened. Experimental tests are carried out with a battery testing equipment correlated with optical laser sensors to evaluate swelling. Furthermore, thickness change is computed analytically with a mathematical model based on lattice parameters of the crystal structures of active materials. The results of the model are validated with experimental data. Thickness change is able to capture variations of the internal structure of the battery, referred to as phase change, characteristic of a certain state of charge. Furthermore, phase change shift is a characteristic of battery ageing. Being able to capture these properties with sensors mounted on the external surface the cell is a key feature for improving state of charge and state of health estimation in battery management system.

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Analysis of a Parallel Hybrid Electric Tractor for Agricultural Applications

Cited by 67 publications

References 34 publications

A Review of Hybrid Electric Architectures in Construction, Handling and Agriculture Machines

A Review of Hybrid Electric Architectures in Construction, Handling and Agriculture Machines

Modeling of an Electric Tractor and Determining Energy Consumption Values In Different Duties

Experimental Characterization of Lithium-Ion Cell Strain Using Laser Sensors

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