Analysis of Antioxidant Activity and Flavonoids Metabolites in Peel and Flesh of Red-Fleshed Apple Varieties

Zhang, Xiang; Xu, Jihua; Xu, Zhaobo; Sun, Xiaohong; Zhu, Jun; Zhang, Yugang

doi:10.3390/molecules25081968

Cited by 26 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This observation is in agreement with previous studies [27,37] and can be rationalized with enzyme activities that are modulated by the exposure of fruits to the sun [27]. Furthermore, a higher level of anthocyanins in the peel than in the pulp is found, and this difference in the concentrations of phytochemicals in these different parts of apples is in accordance with other studies [25,40,41].…”

Section: Apple Pulp: the Polyphenolic Profilesupporting

confidence: 93%

Metabolomic Characterization of Commercial, Old, and Red-Fleshed Apple Varieties

et al. 2021

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In this study, a metabolomic investigation was presented to correlate single polyphenolic compounds in apple pulp with quality characteristics such as antioxidant activity and content of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in apple skin. Since the concentration of these compounds is influenced by environmental factors, the twenty-two apple cultivars originate from the same site. The polyphenolic compounds were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). The antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and anthocyanins were evaluated on the sunny and the shady sides of apple skin by spectrometric assays. In old apple varieties, the measured parameters were higher than in the commercial and red-fleshed varieties. By contrast, the profile of flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins was variable amongst commercial and red-fleshed varieties. The partial least square (PLS) method was applied to investigate the association between the skin proprieties and the metabolic profile of the pulp. The highest coefficients of determination in prediction (Q2) were obtained for compounds quantified in old cultivars. These results provided information to define the old apple varieties as a reliable group based on the pathway of the antioxidant compounds and anthocyanins content. Our results show the possibility to find cultivars with promising health features based on their content of polyphenols suitable for commercialization or breeding.

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Section: Apple Pulp: the Polyphenolic Profilesupporting

confidence: 93%

Metabolomic Characterization of Commercial, Old, and Red-Fleshed Apple Varieties

et al. 2021

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“…The anthocyanins in the juice of blueberry showed strong antioxidant activity to superoxide anion free radicals [25]. In addition, in our previous studies, it was found that red-fleshed apples have significant antioxidant capacity in vitro [26,27]. However, studies on the reduction of furan content in the process of coffee, simulated furan solutions, and not-from-concentrated (NFC) juices by anthocyanins are very limited, and anthocyanin extracts are likely to be used as inhibitors for furan formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Red-Fleshed Apple Anthocyanin Extract Reduces Furan Content in Ground Coffee, Maillard Model System, and Not-from-Concentrate Apple Juice

Wang

Jiang

et al. 2021

Foods

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Furan is a volatile and carcinogenic heterocyclic chemical compound that occurs in a wide range of thermally processed food. It can be induced during food-preparing processes by high temperatures and UV-C light. In the present study, the degradation of furan content in ground coffee, Maillard model system, and not-from-concentrate (NFC) apple juice by red-fleshed apple anthocyanin extract (RAAE) was studied. The results demonstrated that RAAEs had different degrees of degradation of furan content in coffee powder, and the RAAE from ‘XJ3’ had the most significant effect, with a reduction rate of up to 20%. Moreover, by adding RAAE to the Maillard model system, we found the amounts of furan were significantly reduced. At the same time, RAAE from ‘XJ3’ could observably reduce the content of furan in pasteurized NFC juice, with ‘Fuli’ NFC juice furan content decreasing the most, which was 68%. Taken together, our study demonstrated that the use of RAAE could be a feasible way to reduce furan content in ground coffee, Maillard model system, and NFC apple juice.

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“…Anthocyanins belong to flavonoid compounds, a class of plant pigments that widely exist in nature (11). It is well-known that anthocyanins, as effective natural antioxidants, play vital roles in protecting human against diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and hyperglycemia, and maintaining normal vascular permeability (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Red-fleshed apple [Malus sieversii f. neidzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf] is attractive to consumers because of visual skin, red flesh color, high anthocyanin content, and other bioactive phytochemicals (19,20). Anthocyanin extracts from red-fleshed apple had a strong ability to scavenge DPPH, superoxide anions, and hydroxyl radicals, which further reduced the level of oxidative stress and exhibited stronger antioxidant capacity (11,21,22). The previous study on the treatment of porcine granulosa cells with anthocyanins extracted from the mesocarp of red-fleshed apple indicated an alleviating effect on oxidative damage (23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We are particularly interested in the effect of red-fleshed apple anthocyanin extract (RAAE) on busulfan-induced damage in mice. We had previously compared four varieties of red-fleshed apples and found that variety "XJ4" had the highest total phenol and anthocyanin contents with a strong ability to scavenge free radicals (11). Thus, in this study, we set to (a) identify the main compounds in RAAE from "XJ4, " (b) evaluate the efficacy of RAAE on busulfan-induced sterility in mice, and (c) detect the main corresponding metabolites that play roles in rescuing spermatogenesis in mice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Red-Fleshed Apple Anthocyanin Extracts Attenuate Male Reproductive System Dysfunction Caused by Busulfan in Mice

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

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In this research, we analyzed the effect of an intragastrical oral administration of red-fleshed apple anthocyanin extract (RAAE) on busulfan-treated mice. First, we showed that the most abundant component in RAAE was cyanidin 3-O-galactoside. To determine the effect of the RAAE, the mice were divided into control and four other different concentrations of RAAE feeding treatment groups (BA0, no RAAE; BA.1, 0.1 mg/kg; BA1, 1 mg/kg; and BA5, 5 mg/kg) following busulfan injection. We observed that RAAE treatments displayed ameliorative effects on male reproductive system dysfunction caused by busulfan, such as recovering the irregular arrangements of seminiferous tubules, increasing the number of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, improving sperm concentration by 3-fold in BA.1, and improving sperm motility by 2-fold in BA1. The liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed significant up- or downregulation of certain metabolites, such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), L-arginine, glycine, anandamide, and L-carnitine, which could contribute to the positive effects of RAAE, especially in PBA1 (plasma of BA1) and PBA5 (plasma of BA5). Taken together, the results indicate that 1 mg/kg of RAAE is a suitable concentration for rescuing spermatogenesis in mice. The research suggests that RAAE could be a potential nutraceutical for protecting spermatogenesis after busulfan therapy in cancer.

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Analysis of Antioxidant Activity and Flavonoids Metabolites in Peel and Flesh of Red-Fleshed Apple Varieties

Cited by 26 publications

References 35 publications

Metabolomic Characterization of Commercial, Old, and Red-Fleshed Apple Varieties

Metabolomic Characterization of Commercial, Old, and Red-Fleshed Apple Varieties

Red-Fleshed Apple Anthocyanin Extract Reduces Furan Content in Ground Coffee, Maillard Model System, and Not-from-Concentrate Apple Juice

Red-Fleshed Apple Anthocyanin Extracts Attenuate Male Reproductive System Dysfunction Caused by Busulfan in Mice

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