Analysis of Ash in Low Mileage, Rapid Aged, and High Mileage Gasoline Exhaust Particle Filters

Lambert, Christine; Chanko, Timothy; Jagner, Mark; Hangas, J.; Liu, Xin; Pakko, James; Kamp, Carl Justin

doi:10.4271/2017-01-0930

Cited by 28 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Numerous researchers have since demonstrated the performance of GPFs, quantifying key metrics such as filtration efficiency, pressure drop, and gas conversion (for catalyzed filters) [23]. Several studies have also shown that the filtration efficiency only improves with mileage accumulation [60,63,65,131]. This is due to the accumulation of an ash layer on the channel walls, which prevents further penetration of soot particles [68].…”

Section: Spn Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

et al. 2019

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The particulate matter (PM) emissions of gasoline vehicles were much lower than those of diesel vehicles until the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in the early 2000s. At the same time, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines started to become popular in the market due to their improved efficiency over port fuel injection (PFI) ones. However, the PM mass and number emissions of GDI vehicles were higher than their PFI counterparts and diesel ones equipped with DPFs. Stringent PM mass levels and the introduction of particle number limits for GDI vehicles in the European Union (EU) resulted in significant PM reductions. The EU requirement to fulfill the proposed limits on the road resulted to the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in EU GDI models. This review summarizes the evolution of PM mass emissions from gasoline vehicles placed in the market from early 1990s until 2019 in different parts of the world. The analysis then extends to total and nonvolatile particle number emissions. Care is given to reveal the impact of ambient temperature on emission levels. The discussion tries to provide scientific input to the following policy-relevant questions. Whether particle number limits should be extended to gasoline PFI vehicles, whether the lower limit of 23 nm for particle number measurements should be decreased to 10 nm, and whether low ambient temperature tests for PM should be included.

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Section: Spn Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

et al. 2019

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“…In addition to soot, the particulate emissions from ICEs contain metallic ash originating from lubrication oil, fuel additives, engine wear, corrosion and abrasion [12][13][14][15]. Unlike soot, the metallic ash is incombustible, such that it accumulates over the lifetime of the filter [16]. Ash can deposit within the filter wall, as a particulate layer and as a plug at the end of filter channels [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig 16. Side view and top view of the particle columns representing the ash layer in the sintering model…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling Investigation of the Thermal Treatment of Ash-Contaminated Particulate Filters

Lao

Akroyd

Smith

et al. 2021

Emiss. Control Sci. Technol.

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This paper investigates the impact of thermal treatment on the pressure drop of particulate filters containing ash deposits. A one-dimensional model has been developed and applied to describe the deposition of soot and ash particles, and estimate the spatial distribution of the deposits in such filters. Phenomenological models have been developed to describe the potential sintering and cracking of the ash deposits caused by thermal treatment of the filter. The model results are in good agreement with experimental measurements of the reduction in the pressure drop in thermally treated filters. It was found that crack formation in the ash layer can lead to significant reduction of the pressure drop at relatively low temperatures. Sintering of ash deposits in the wall and the ash plug also contributes towards a decrease in filter pressure drop at higher temperatures. This work is the first attempt to model the impact of the thermal treatment of ash in particulate filters in order to support the development of future ash management strategies. The cracking of the ash layer during the thermal treatment has been identified to be the most critical effect for pressure drop reduction.

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“…Recent studies on catalyzed GPFs have investigated how GPF ash accumulation could promote a similar type of increase in filtration efficiency [26,27]. Ash accumulation has been reported to provide significant improvement to the filtration efficiency of a GPF over the vehicle lifetime [28]. Non-ash PM can also be expected to accumulate in vehicles which are not routinely driven at the higher speeds required for passive regeneration [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonuniform Oxidation Behavior of Loaded Gasoline Particulate Filters

Moses-DeBusk

Storey

Eibl

et al. 2020

Emiss. Control Sci. Technol.

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The results of an experimental study on the oxidation behavior of loaded gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) from a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine are reported. PM was loaded on uncatalyzed cordierite GPF mini-cores by exposure to exhaust from a light-duty GDI engine operating during a rich acceleration condition on four fuels: 100% gasoline (E0); a 30% blend of ethanol in gasoline (E30); a 24% blend of isobutanol in gasoline (iBu24); or a 48% blend of isobutanol in gasoline (iBu48). The oxidative reactivities of these four types of PM were investigated as a function of temperature. Compared with E0, particulate matter (PM) from the ethanol blend showed a significant shift to lower temperature activity, whereas both isobutanol blends produced PM requiring higher temperatures to achieve complete oxidation. The oxidation kinetics of the E0 and E30 PM were studied in more detail. These cores were used in pulsed-oxidation studies to explore the oxidation kinetics of the PM throughout a stepwise burnout (i.e., regeneration). The results suggest that the reactivity of PM on GPF cores is sensitive to both its environmental history and the type of fuel being used. A unique neutron-imaging study was also performed on E0 and E30-loaded GPF cores to study how the PM layer thicknesses change during a stepwise burnout.

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Analysis of Ash in Low Mileage, Rapid Aged, and High Mileage Gasoline Exhaust Particle Filters

Cited by 28 publications

References 9 publications

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

Modelling Investigation of the Thermal Treatment of Ash-Contaminated Particulate Filters

Nonuniform Oxidation Behavior of Loaded Gasoline Particulate Filters

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