Analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus: Biobank and sequence database to support eradication in Scotland

Russell, George C.; Grant, Dawn M.; Lycett, Samantha; Bachofen, Claudia; Caldow, George; Burr, Paul; Davie, K.; Ambrose, N.C.; Gunn, George J.; Zadoks, Ruth N.

doi:10.1136/vr.104072

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Serum samples were used as the source of virus for these studies after about two years of storage without thawing. The virus strain was characterized by RT-PCR and sequencing of 5'UTR and Npro gene fragments, which confirmed that this isolate was a BVDV1a genotype (43). This strain had also been used to infect rabbits, demonstrating that it could propagate in vivo and induce virus neutralizing antibodies (44).…”

Section: Viruses and Culturementioning

confidence: 69%

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus loses quasispecies diversity rapidly in culture

Russell

Zadoks

Willoughby

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an important disease of cattle with significant impacts on animal health and welfare. The wide host range of the causative pestiviruses may lead to formation of virus reservoirs in other ruminant or wildlife species, presenting a concern for the long-term success of BVD eradication campaigns. It is likely that the quasispecies nature of these RNA viruses contributes to their interspecies transmission by providing genetic plasticity. Understanding the spectrum of sequence variants present in BVD persistently infected (PI) animals is therefore essential for studies of virus transmission. To analyse quasispecies diversity without amplification bias, we extracted viral RNA from serum of a PI cow, and from cell culture fluid after three passages of the same virus in culture, to produce cDNA without amplification. Sequencing of this material using Illumina 250bp paired-read technology produced full-length virus consensus sequences from both sources and demonstrated the quasispecies diversity of this Pestivirus A type 1a field strain within serum and after culture. We report the distribution and diversity of over 800 single nucleotide polymorphisms and provide evidence for a loss of diversity after only three passages in cell culture, implying that cultured viruses cannot be used to understand quasispecies diversity and may not provide reliable molecular markers for source tracing or transmission studies.Additionally, both serum and cultured viruses could be sequenced as a set of 25 overlapping PCR amplicons that demonstrated the same consensus sequences and the presence of many of the same quasispecies variants. The observation that aspects of the quasispecies structure revealed by massively parallel sequencing are also detected after PCR and Sanger sequencing suggests that this approach may be useful for small or difficult to analyse samples. Impact statementBovine viral diarrhoea viruses are globally important cattle pathogens, which impact performance due to acute infection and BVD-induced immunosuppression. Eradication of BVD in cattle is widely pursued but is hampered by the production of persistently infected (PI) calves -the offspring of cows infected in early pregnancy -which shed virus constantly and drive BVD spread. Genetic variation in BVD viruses is an important feature of their biology, allowing them to adapt to changing conditions and to infect different hosts. Inaccurate virus replication produces a population of viruses

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Section: Viruses and Culturementioning

confidence: 69%

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus loses quasispecies diversity rapidly in culture

Russell

Zadoks

Willoughby

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Preliminary phylodynamic analysis demonstrates multiple BVDV strain movements between Scotland and the rest of GB. Synthesis of this work with EPIC's experience and familiarity with working with data rich mechanisms of disease spread, such as animal movements, together with insights into farmer and stakeholder experiences (12) provides an important resource that will improve our understanding of BVDV transmission and should inform the final stages of Scotland's BVDV eradication policy (13). EPIC scientists' experience with the methodologies for integrating phylodynamics with other data types for endemic disease provide important resilience in responding to exotic disease outbreaks where similar approaches are valuable.…”

Section: Transmission and Tracking Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea: The Valumentioning

confidence: 99%

EPIC, Scottish Government's Centre of Expertise in Animal Disease Outbreaks: A Model for Provision of Risk-Based Evidence to Policy

et al. 2020

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EPIC, Scottish Government's Centre of Expertise on Animal Disease Outbreaks, offers a successful and innovative model for provision of scientific advice and analysis to policy-makers in Scotland. In this paper, we describe EPIC's remit and operations, and reflect on three case studies which illustrate how the Centre of Expertise Model provides risk-based evidence through rapid access to emergency advice and analyses, estimating disease risks and improving disease detection, assessing different disease control options, and improving future risk resilience. The successes and challenges faced by EPIC and its members offer useful lessons for animal health researchers and authorities, working in contingency planning for animal health security in other countries.

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“…A detailed knowledge of the genetic diversity of BVDV and related viruses can provide useful insights into the genetic relatedness among these viruses, which are either endemically present in an area for a longer time period or have been recently introduced e.g., by animal imports. Accordingly, studies on molecular epidemiology of BVDV can assist in tracing virus isolates circulating in individual countries and provide useful information for evaluating the success of disease control programs [ 50 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 ].…”

Section: Genetic Diversity Of Bvdv and Related Viruses And Its Impmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea

Moennig

Becher

2018

Pathogens

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Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the most important infectious diseases of cattle with respect to animal health and economic impact. Its stealthy nature, prolonged transient infections, and the presence of persistently infected (PI) animals as efficient reservoirs were responsible for its ubiquitous presence in cattle populations worldwide. Whereas it was initially thought that the infection was impossible to control, effective systematic control strategies have emerged over the last 25 years. The common denominators of all successful control programs were systematic control, removal of PI animals, movement controls for infected herds, strict biosecurity, and surveillance. Scandinavian countries, Austria, and Switzerland successfully implemented these control programs without using vaccination. Vaccination as an optional and additional control tool was used by e.g., Germany, Belgium, Ireland, and Scotland. The economic benefits of BVD control programs had been assessed in different studies.

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Analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus: Biobank and sequence database to support eradication in Scotland

Cited by 11 publications

References 22 publications

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus loses quasispecies diversity rapidly in culture

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus loses quasispecies diversity rapidly in culture

EPIC, Scottish Government's Centre of Expertise in Animal Disease Outbreaks: A Model for Provision of Risk-Based Evidence to Policy

Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea

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