Analysis of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) Provenances Using ISSR and RAPD Fingerprints

Worldwide invasion routes of the pinewood nematode: What can we infer from population genetics analyses?

“…This discrepancy partly results from large inter-sample variance of allelic frequency in North America. Previous studies have proposed an Asian origin for the European populations of PWN (Fonseca et al 2012;Metge and Burgermeister 2008;Valadas et al 2012b), essentially on the basis of tree analyses. Our finding with the NJ tree and Bayesian clustering is consistent with this conclusion.…”

“…An Asian origin for European invasive populations of PWN was thus proposed (Figueiredo et al 2013;Fonseca et al 2012;Metge and Burgermeister 2008;Valadas et al 2012b). However, these studies were subject to experimental limitations, such as the use of low-resolution markers (e.g.…”

“…Many studies have attempted to establish the origin of invasive outbreaks of PWN in different geographic areas (Cheng et al 2008;Figueiredo et al 2013;Fonseca et al 2012;Metge and Burgermeister 2008;Pereira et al 2013;Tares et al 1992;Valadas et al 2012a, b;Vieira et al 2007;Zhang et al 2008;Zhou et al 2007). An Asian origin for European invasive populations of PWN was thus proposed (Figueiredo et al 2013;Fonseca et al 2012;Metge and Burgermeister 2008;Valadas et al 2012b).…”

Genetic diversity of pine‐parasitic nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucronatus in China

“…A total of 114 ISSR primers, including 100 purchased from the University of British Columbia (UBC800-UBC900) and 14 gained from earlier research (Metge & Burgermeister, 2008), were used for the preliminary screening with a few DNA samples. The amplification reaction for the ISSR took place in 20 μl reaction volumes containing 10 μl 2× Easy Taq PCR Super Mix (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China), 1.5 μl of each primer (10 pmol/L), 1.5 μl of template DNA (50 ng/ml) and sterile distilled water to make the final volume to 20 μl.…”

“…Following recent advances in molecular marker techniques, many novel techniques have been used to analyse the population genetic characteristics of the two nematode species. These include internal transcribed spacer-RFLP (ITS-RFLP; Burgermeister, Kai, Braasch, & Buchbach, 2005), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD; Vieira, Mota, Kai, & Silva, 2007), intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR; Metge & Burgermeister, 2008), sequence-characterized amplified region (Chen, Negi, & Ye, 2011) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (Figueiredo et al, 2013). ISSR is a simple rapid technique requiring only small quantities of sample DNA and involves the use of microsatellite sequences as primers in a PCR to generate multilocus markers.…”