Analysis of China’s Iron Trade Flow: Quantity, Value and Regional Pattern

Chen, Xinxi; Mao, Jiansu; Tian, Hezhong

doi:10.3390/su122410427

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Indirect flows linked to exports are much lower and are on a downward trend that may be associated with the decline in local production. The situation is the reverse in China, whose indirect flows are particularly high in exports, due to the role of importer of raw materials and exporter of products that it has acquired in many sectors, such as metals [77]. The indirect flows of its imports, although more moderate, maintain a growing trend, derived from its growing need to import foodstuffs [78], among other things.…”

Section: Consumption Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Approximation to the Environmental Impact of Economic Growth Using the Material Flow Analysis: Differences between Production and Consumption Methods, Applied to China, United Kingdom and USA (1990–2017)

Alonso-Fernández

Regueiro-Ferreira

2021

Sustainability

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The relationship between economic growth and environmental impact has become a recurrent subject of research in recent years. Currently, results that indicate that the accumulation of economic growth leads to a reduction in environmental impact coexist with others that do not show any evidence in this respect. This paper aims to analyse this relationship using Material Flow Analysis through the two most frequent methods: territorial or production and consumption. For this purpose, data from China, the United Kingdom and the USA from 1990–2017 are used. The results show that the method used influences the conclusions, mainly due to differences in the accounting of physical trade flows. The production method, in which physical trade flows coincide with monetary trade flows, tends to underestimate the material consumption of rich, importing countries, while overestimating that of exporting countries. Policies based on this method have limited capacity to reduce global environmental impacts. The consumption method allows the environmental impact to be allocated to each country in a way that is more in line with its true material requirements.

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Section: Consumption Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Approximation to the Environmental Impact of Economic Growth Using the Material Flow Analysis: Differences between Production and Consumption Methods, Applied to China, United Kingdom and USA (1990–2017)

Alonso-Fernández

Regueiro-Ferreira

2021

Sustainability

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“…Some of these metals include Co, REEs, and iron in the case of BCL smelter operations in Botswana. These metals are of great importance due to their properties [25,51,55,[58][59][60].…”

Section: Slag As a Secondary Resource Orementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Socioeconomic Impact of Copper Slag—A Review

et al. 2021

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Copper slag is generated when copper and nickel ores are recovered from their parent ores using a pyrometallurgical process, and these ores usually contain other elements which include iron, cobalt, silica, and alumina. Slag is a major problem in the metallurgical industries as it is dumped into heaps which have accumulated into millions of tons over the years. Moreover, they pose a danger to the environment as they occupy vacant land (space problems). Over the past few years, studies have been conducted to investigate the copper slag-producing outlets to learn their behavior, as well as properties of slag, to have the knowledge of how to better reuse and recycle copper slag. This review article provides the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of slag, as well as a characterization of copper slag, with the aim of reusing and recycling the slag to benefit the environment and economy. Recycling methods are considered an attractive technological pathway for reducing waste and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as promoting the concept of circular economy through the utilization of waste. These metal elements have value depending on their characteristics; hence, copper slag is considered as a secondary source of valuable metals. Some of the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes to consider are physical separation, magnetic separation, flotation, leaching, and direct reduction roasting of iron (DRI). Some of the possible metals that can be recovered from the copper slag include Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, and Ag (precious metals).

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“…In 2003, Mao and Zhongwu proposed selecting an element M in a product as the representative material to establish the price of element M, so as to obtain a diagram for value flow analysis under the material circulation flow of enterprises (Mao and Lu 2003 ). This concept has been widely used for value stream analysis (Sun et al 2018 ; Chen et al 2020 ). Using the material flow and value chain analysis method, Yan and Wang quantitatively analyzed the value flow of China’s iron ore resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of iron composite flow in China

Chen

Mao

2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Iron is an important metal material that is crucial to social and national economic development. In order to understand iron’s material flow, energy flow, and value flow in China, a composite flow framework is here established. Based on this framework, the concept of price is introduced, and China is taken as an example to study the composite flow of iron in 2018. The results showed the following. First, as iron moved down the industrial chain, its material flow decreased gradually, while the price continued to rise. Second, the annual loss of raw materials from iron processing was 150–200 million tons, and scrap iron had great potential for secondary utilization. Third, China had a trade deficit in terms of importing raw materials and exporting products, but it also had a trade surplus in trade volume. Finally, China imported iron-containing goods at high prices but exported iron-containing goods at low prices. This was due to the lack of high-end science and technology, which made China less competitive in the international market.

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Analysis of China’s Iron Trade Flow: Quantity, Value and Regional Pattern

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

An Approximation to the Environmental Impact of Economic Growth Using the Material Flow Analysis: Differences between Production and Consumption Methods, Applied to China, United Kingdom and USA (1990–2017)

An Approximation to the Environmental Impact of Economic Growth Using the Material Flow Analysis: Differences between Production and Consumption Methods, Applied to China, United Kingdom and USA (1990–2017)

Environmental and Socioeconomic Impact of Copper Slag—A Review

Analysis of iron composite flow in China

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