Analysis of Classical Time-Trial Performance and Technique-Specific Physiological Determinants in Elite Female Cross-Country Skiers

Sandbakk, Øyvind; Losnegard, Thomas; Skattebo, Øyvind; Hegge, Ann Magdalen; Tønnessen, Espen; Kocbach, Jan

doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00326

Cited by 55 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Altogether, the stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that time in uphill explained ∼91% of the variation in XC skiing performance. Indeed, uphill terrain as the most performance-differentiating part of the XC skiing performance is supported by previous research in XC skiing (Andersson et al, 2010;Bolger et al, 2015;Sandbakk et al, 2016b;Solli et al, 2018). However, in line with findings from XC skiing (Sandbakk et al, 2016b), performance in all types of terrain are important for achieving an excellent XC skiing performance in biathlon as shown by the significant correlations between all types of terrain and isolated skiing performance in this biathlon sprint race.…”

Section: Skiing Performancesupporting

confidence: 85%

Analysis of a Biathlon Sprint Competition and Associated Laboratory Determinants of Performance

Luchsinger

Talsnes

Kocbach

et al. 2019

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Biathlon is an Olympic winter-sport where crosscountry (XC) skiing in the skating technique is combined with rifle shooting. In the biathlon sprint competition for men, three laps of 3.3-km are interspersed with a 5-shot shooting sequence in the prone and standing position. Our purpose was to investigate the contribution from overall XC skiing performance, the performance in different terrain sections and shooting performance to the overall biathlon sprint race performance, as well as the relationship to laboratory-measured capacities obtained during treadmill roller ski skating. Eleven elite male biathletes were tracked by a Global Positioning System (GPS) device and a heart rate (HR) monitor during an international 10-km biathlon sprint competition. Within a period of 6 weeks prior to the competition, physiological responses, and performance during submaximal and maximal treadmill roller skiing were measured. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that XC skiing time, shooting performance, shooting time and range time explained 84, 14, 1.8, and 0.2% of the overall sprint race performance (all p < 0.01). Time in uphill, varied, and downhill terrains were all significantly correlated to the total XC skiing time (r = 0.95, 0.82, 0.72, respectively, all p < 0.05). Percent of maximal HR (HRmax) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during submaximal roller skiing, and time-to-exhaustion during incremental roller skiing correlated significantly with overall biathlon sprint race performance and overall XC skiing time (r = 0.64-0.95, all p < 0.05). In conclusion, XC skiing performance provided greatest impact on biathlon sprint performance, with most of the variance determined by XC skiing performance in the uphill terrain sections. Furthermore, the ability to roller ski with a low RPE and %HRmax during submaximal speeds, as well as time-to-exhaustion during incremental roller skiing significantly predicted biathlon performance. Such laboratory-derived measures may therefore be validly used to distinguish biathletes of different performance levels and to track progress of their XC skiing capacity.

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Section: Skiing Performancesupporting

confidence: 85%

Analysis of a Biathlon Sprint Competition and Associated Laboratory Determinants of Performance

Luchsinger

Talsnes

Kocbach

et al. 2019

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…From an energy-supply perspective, it is important to be able to effectively use metabolic energy in the force-generating muscles in the upper body. This is supported by correlations between elite skiers’ performance capacity and peak oxygen uptake using the double-poling technique () (Carlsson et al 2012, 2014; Mahood et al 2001; Sandbakk et al 2016). It has been suggested that gross efficiency using double-poling technique (GE) (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The effects of strength training versus ski-ergometer training on double-poling capacity of elite junior cross-country skiers

et al. 2017

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PurposeTo compare the effects of strength training versus ski-ergometer training on double-poling gross efficiency (GE), maximal speed (V max), peak oxygen uptake () for elite male and female junior cross-country skiers.MethodsThirty-three elite junior cross-country skiers completed a 6-week training-intervention period with two additional 40-min training sessions per week. The participants were matched in pairs and within each pair randomly assigned to either a strength-training group (STR) or a ski-ergometer-training group (ERG). Before and after the intervention, the participants completed three treadmill roller-skiing tests to determine GE, V max, and . Mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate differences between and within groups. Paired samples t tests were used as post hoc tests to investigate within-group differences.ResultsBoth groups improved their V max and expressed absolutely (all P < 0.01). For the gender-specific sub-groups, it was found that the female skiers in both groups improved both V max and expressed absolutely (all P < 0.05), whereas the only within-group differences found for the men were improvements of V max in the STR group. No between-group differences were found for any of the investigated variables.ConclusionsPhysiological and performance-related variables of importance for skiers were improved for both training regimes. The results demonstrate that the female skiers’ physiological adaptations to training, in general, were greater than those of the men. The magnitude of the physiological adaptations was similar for both training regimes.

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“…The competition terrain fluctuates between uphill, flat and downhill sections, in which the greatest performance variation is seen in the uphill terrain, [1][2][3][4] and the relative time spent on uphill, flat and downhill sections contribute in that order to overall timetrial performance. 5 Due to the varying terrain in XC skiing, the competitions are interval-based with increased generation of external work rate and metabolic intensity uphill, and reduced effort in the downhill terrain. 1,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Currently, these factors have only been examined in a performance setting at high-intensity (HIT), and no previous study has investigated whether the same occurs while training at low-(LIT) and moderate-intensity (MIT) that reflects around 80% of a XC skier's overall training.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Due to the varying terrain in XC skiing, the competitions are interval-based with increased generation of external work rate and metabolic intensity uphill, and reduced effort in the downhill terrain. 1,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Currently, these factors have only been examined in a performance setting at high-intensity (HIT), and no previous study has investigated whether the same occurs while training at low-(LIT) and moderate-intensity (MIT) that reflects around 80% of a XC skier's overall training. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Heart rate (HR) is commonly normalized to its maximal value (HRmax) to reflect an individual's internal metabolic intensity/effort during training and competition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interval-Based Physiological and Mechanical Demands of Cross-Country Ski Training

Haugnes¹,

Kocbach²,

Luchsinger³

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: To investigate fluctuations in speed, work rate, and heart rate (HR) when cross-country ski skating across varying terrains at different endurance-training intensities. Methods: Seven male junior Norwegian skiers performed maximal-speed (Vmax) tests in both flat and uphill terrains. Thereafter, 5-km sessions at low (LIT), moderate (MIT), and high intensity (HIT) were performed based on their own perception of intensity while monitored by a global navigation satellite system with integrated barometry and accompanying HR monitor. Results: Speed, HR, and rating of perceived exertion gradually increased from LIT to MIT and HIT, both for the total course and in flat and uphill terrains (all P < .05). Uphill work rates (214 [24] W, 298 [27] W, and 350 [54] W for LIT, MIT, and HIT, respectively) and the corresponding percentage of maximal HR (79.2% [6.1]%, 88.3% [2.4]%, and 91.0% [1.7]%) were higher than in flat terrain (159 [16] W, 206 [19] W, and 233 [72] W vs 72.3% [6.3]%, 83.2% [2.3]%, and 87.4% [2.0]% for LIT, MIT, and HIT, respectively) (all P < .01). In general, ∼13% point lower utilization of maximal work rate was reached in uphill than in flat terrain at all intensities (all P < .01). Conclusions: Cross-country ski training across varying terrains is clearly interval based in terms of speed, external work rate, and metabolic intensity for all endurance-training intensities. Although work rate and HR were highest in uphill terrain at all intensities, the utilization of maximal work rate was higher in flat terrain. This demonstrates the large potential for generating external work rate when uphill skiing and the corresponding downregulation of effort due to the metabolic limitations.

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Analysis of Classical Time-Trial Performance and Technique-Specific Physiological Determinants in Elite Female Cross-Country Skiers

Cited by 55 publications

References 28 publications

Analysis of a Biathlon Sprint Competition and Associated Laboratory Determinants of Performance

Analysis of a Biathlon Sprint Competition and Associated Laboratory Determinants of Performance

The effects of strength training versus ski-ergometer training on double-poling capacity of elite junior cross-country skiers

The Interval-Based Physiological and Mechanical Demands of Cross-Country Ski Training

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