Analysis of Deepwater Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico: Artificial Reef Effect of Six World War II Shipwrecks

Church, Robert; Warren, Daniel J.; Irion, Jack

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2009.38

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…These morphologies have been previously observed in the rusticles from other shipwrecks and have been associated with the prolonged activity of metal‐precipitating bacteria, which ultimately leads to the entombment of the cells within the corrosion products. Extensive voids (cavities) were also observed on the surface in Figure a and similar observations were reported in the literature of rusticles formation on shipwrecks . EDS analysis at different points showed that the Kormoran sample mainly contained the elements Fe and O expected to represent the iron oxides present as major corrosion products.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

X‐ray micro‐computed tomography analysis of accumulated corrosion products in deep‐water shipwrecks

Albahri

Barifcani

Dwivedi

et al. 2019

Materials & Corrosion

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Accumulated corrosion products from two different shipwrecks which had lain on the seabed (2.5 km depth) for 73 years were systematically analysed by three‐dimensional imaging at high resolution using X‐ray micro‐computed tomography. Complementary surface and chemical characterization experiments were conducted to identify the morphological structure of the corrosion products. Goethite was observed as the main corrosion phase found in both the wreck's corrosion products. However, other corrosion products such as silica, lepidocrocite, maghemite, magnetite, benyacarite, jarosite and amorphous materials were noticed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. In addition, mineralized microbial structures were also observed as significant constituents of the corrosion products. However, there were significant differences between samples from the two shipwrecks including porosity, distribution and volume percent of the corrosion products components. The mechanism of different corrosion products formation was proposed and discussed in detail.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

X‐ray micro‐computed tomography analysis of accumulated corrosion products in deep‐water shipwrecks

Albahri

Barifcani

Dwivedi

et al. 2019

Materials & Corrosion

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“…The use of UHI as a complementary technique for classification based on optical signatures in addition to morphology could enhance the quality of wreck site interpretation and understanding [28]. In addition to classification of archaeological features, as presented in a site plan focusing on cultural context (Figure 9), attention should be given to wrecks as artificial reefs and how biological activity and diversity are intertwined with site constitution and formation processes [29]. Integrating use of UHI in wreck site surveys could provide maps to elucidate their characteristics as marine ecosystems with both cultural and biological properties, facilitating cross-and interdisciplinary research for better understanding and management.…”

Section: Use Of Underwater Robotics and Sensors For Mapping A Wreck Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the Historical Shipwreck Figaro in the High Arctic Using Underwater Sensor-Carrying Robots

et al. 2020

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In 2007, a possible wreck site was discovered in Trygghamna, Isfjorden, Svalbard by the Norwegian Hydrographic Service. Using (1) a REMUS 100 autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) equipped with a sidescan sonar (SSS) and (2) a Seabotix LBV 200 mini-remotely operated vehicle (ROV) with a high-definition (HD) camera, the wreck was in 2015 identified as the Figaro: a floating whalery that sank in 1908. The Figaro is to our knowledge currently the northernmost wreck in the world to be investigated by archaeologists. As the wreck is protected by law as an underwater cultural heritage (UCH) site, only non-intrusive methods could be used during surveys. In this study, we demonstrate how using multiple complementary remote sensing techniques can be advantageous with respect to acquiring a holistic overview of a recently discovered wreck site. In January 2016, the wreck was revisited, and a full photogrammetric survey of the site was conducted with a Sperre Subfighter 7500 medium class ROV. In addition to stereo camera images, HD-video and underwater hyperspectral imagery was also obtained from the wreck site. In terms of data analysis and interpretation, the emphasis was in the current study put on the photogrammetric 3D model and the underwater hyperspectral imagery. The former provided an excellent general overview of the Figaro wreck site, whereas the latter supplied detailed information from a 14.65-m2 sub-area situated on the top of the wreck. By analyzing classified underwater hyperspectral imagery in context with supplementary information from the 3D model, the levels of biofouling associated with different marine archaeological substrate types were assessed. Our findings suggest that strongly protruding archaeological objects support significantly higher levels of biofouling than their surroundings, and consequently that high-density biological assemblages could serve as proxies for identifying human-made artifacts on the seafloor.

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“…Corrosion of these types of metals has been studied at several deep shipwrecks and in the laboratory. Corrosion studies from the RMS Titanic and ships that sank during World War II indicate that significant corrosion may take place during the first couple decades [33][34][35]. Specifically, studies of the shipwreck of the nuclear submarine Komsomolets suggest corrosion rates up to 75 microns/year [36], while corrosion conditions of the tanker Prestige are believed to be about 57 microns/year [37].…”

Section: Chronology and Significance Of Crust Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interpretation of Biogeochemical Growths on Gold Coins from the SS Central America Shipwreck: Applications for Biogeochemistry and Geoarchaeology

Melchiorre

Seymour

Evans

2019

JMSE

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Black crusts that formed on gold coins recovered from the 1857 shipwreck of the SS Central America played a key role in their preservation in a near original state. Within a few years of the sinking, the significant quantities of iron and steel on the shipwreck produced laminar geochemical precipitates of fine-grained iron minerals on the coins. This coating served to armor the coins from future chemical or biological attacks. Once coated, the coins were colonized by at least two distinct populations of gold-tolerant bacteria that precipitated abundant nanoparticulate gold in the black crust material and produced biomineralized bacteria in a web-like mat. Above this middle layer of black crust, the outer layer consisted of a geochemical reaction front of euhedral crystals of iron sulfate and iron oxy-hydroxide species, formed by the interaction of seawater with the chemical wastes of the bacterial mat. Understanding this process has application for assessing the diverse and extreme conditions under which nano-particulate gold may form through biological processes, as well as understanding the conditions that contribute to the preservation or degradation of marine archaeological materials.

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Analysis of Deepwater Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico: Artificial Reef Effect of Six World War II Shipwrecks

Cited by 26 publications

References 1 publication

X‐ray micro‐computed tomography analysis of accumulated corrosion products in deep‐water shipwrecks

X‐ray micro‐computed tomography analysis of accumulated corrosion products in deep‐water shipwrecks

Mapping the Historical Shipwreck Figaro in the High Arctic Using Underwater Sensor-Carrying Robots

The Interpretation of Biogeochemical Growths on Gold Coins from the SS Central America Shipwreck: Applications for Biogeochemistry and Geoarchaeology

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