Analysis of diclofenac sodium and derivatives

Palomo, María; Ballesteros, M.; Frutos, P.

doi:10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00089-8

Cited by 79 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…Although such solid state conversion of diclofenac sodium (or diclofenac) to 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-indolin-2-one has not been reported in the literature, cyclization of diclofenac was demonstrated in acidic solution. 9,10) The presence of 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-indolin-2-one in the TLC chromatograms obtained from the sublimated product (after DSC analysis) and from the residual product supports the FT-IR spectroscopy data and confirms that this 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-indolin-2-one is produced as a result of cyclization of diclofenac sodium during the heating process. The presence of the other degraded products (which have not been identified) further complicates the melting process leading to multiple peaks during DSC analysis instead of a sharp endothermic peak characteristic of melting of a pure substance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Thermal Behaviour of Diclofenac Sodium: Decomposition and Melting Characteristics.

et al. 2001

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Diclofenac sodium is a synthetic compound and therapeutically belongs to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Although the drug is well known and commercially available on the market in various pharmaceutical dosage forms (enteric coated oral tablets, sustained release oral tablets, topical preparations, injections and others), literature reports on thermal characterization and melting behaviour of the drug substance are contradictory. Even the melting point (about 280°C) of diclofenac sodium cited in some reference literature (e.g., European Pharmacopoeia, 3rd edition) does not correspond to the melting point reported in most scientific literature (285-289°C). 1-3)A thorough investigation of the available literature data on thermal behaviour and melting characteristics of diclofenac sodium in our laboratories suggests that the anomalies observed in reported data are due to the fact that most investigators used types of equipment which are not sensitive enough to detect all the phenomena that occur during melting of the substance, and most experiments were not well designed to make comprehensive conclusions possible. It is possible that most of the investigators did not have access to all facilities required for studying the melting and decomposition characteristics of diclofenac sodium. In fact, no differential scanning calorimetric data are available on the influence of scanning rate on the thermal behaviour of diclofenac sodium, and none of the investigators performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on this drug under helium. Therefore, the main objective of our study reported here was to investigate the thermal behaviour of diclofenac sodium under various conditions using a number of techniques-DSC, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography (TLC). ExperimentalMaterials Diclofenac sodium (lot 9911010) of British Pharmacopoeia quality was purchased from Sekhsaria Chemicals Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Gases-helium (He), nitrogen (N 2 ) and synthetic air, were purchased from SOL SPA (Monza, Italy) with stated purity of 99.9996%, 99.999% and 99.995%, respectively. A reference standard of 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-indolin-2-one (Cat. No. 18881; Lot G) was purchased from the USP (Rockville, U.S.A.).DSC Analysis Perkin Elmer's Pyris 1 equipment was used to analyse the samples under various conditions. Samples weighing 4-6 mg were placed in aluminium pan, sealed and scanned (within the range 50-320°C) at various rates (1, 5, 10 and 20°C/min) to see the effect of scanning rate on the thermal behaviour of the studied substance. The scanning runs were repeated under dynamic flow of either helium (He), or nitrogen (N 2 ) or synthetic air to see the effect of environmental atmospheric condition on the thermal characteristics of the drug substance. The data were analysed using the software package "Pyris for Windows" (version 3.52). Onset temperature was considered as the temperature of the peak (T o ). The equipment was calibrated by scann...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Thermal Behaviour of Diclofenac Sodium: Decomposition and Melting Characteristics.

et al. 2001

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“…), but has low solubility (23.7 mg L -1 ) at pH below pK a value [17]. Thus, under such acidic conditions, DCF precipitates from the solution.…”

Section: Uv Photolysis and Uv/h 2 O 2 Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of diclofenac in aqueous solution by homogeneous and heterogeneous photolysis

Trapido¹,

Epold²,

Dulova³

2012

J Environ Eng Ecol Sci

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Background: Pharmaceuticals have arisen as emerging environmental pollutants due to their potential impact on humans, animals and microorganisms even at low concentrations. Conventional wastewater treatment plants are known to be ineffective for removal of many pharmaceuticals present in wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes are one of the most promising treatment technologies for degradation of such persistent compounds. The current study was focused on the efficacies of various oxidation processes for degradation of diclofenac (DCF) as one of the most widespread pharmaceuticals.

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“…NaHCO 3 /Na 2 CO 3 solutions were used to cover the pH range 9 -11 and 0.1 M acetate/ phosphate buffer for the pH range 3 -8. For more acidic and more basic solutions HClO 4 and NaOH were used, respectively.…”

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The carboxymethyl ester derivative, aceclofenac, has also antiinflammatory activity, and it is metabolized to diclofenac. Therefore analytical methods for DCFallow the therapeutic control of the drug administrated either as diclofenac or aceclofenac [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Diclofenac in Urine Samples by Molecularly‐Imprinted Solid‐Phase Extraction and Adsorptive Differential Pulse Voltammetry

et al. 2007

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A molecularly imprinted polymer for diclofenac (DCF) was prepared by thermal polymerization over silica beads using 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl-methacrylate as functional monomer. After silica elimination by HF treatment, the polymer was applied to the selective solid-phase extraction of the drug from urine followed by its quantification by adsorptive differential pulse voltammetry. Results indicate that the drug could be selectively extracted from the sample and quantified at clinically relevant concentrations (mg/mL).

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Analysis of diclofenac sodium and derivatives

Cited by 79 publications

References 1 publication

Thermal Behaviour of Diclofenac Sodium: Decomposition and Melting Characteristics.

Thermal Behaviour of Diclofenac Sodium: Decomposition and Melting Characteristics.

Degradation of diclofenac in aqueous solution by homogeneous and heterogeneous photolysis

Determination of Diclofenac in Urine Samples by Molecularly‐Imprinted Solid‐Phase Extraction and Adsorptive Differential Pulse Voltammetry

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