Analysis of flow rate and pressure in syringe-based wound irrigation using Bernoulli's equation

Abstract

The objective of this study was to examine the dependence of the pressure level in the wound area on the height of the syringe needle from the wound, the gauge of the needle, and the flow rate using the Bernoulli equation. This study was the control-volume analysis using the Bernoulli equation. At a given height of the syringe needle from the wound, the gauge of the syringe needle was fixed, and the pressure in the wound area, which depended on the flow rate of the irrigation solution discharged from the tip of the needle, was calculated according to the Bernoulli equation and the definition of the flow rate. At a constant flow rate of the irrigation solution, the velocity of the irrigation solution discharged through the syringe needle decreased (7.80 → 0.80) with an increase in the diameter of the needle (18G → 14G). At a constant inner diameter of the needle, the velocity of the irrigation solution increased with a reduction in the flow rate of the solution. As the velocity of the irrigation solution increased, the pressure in the wound area increased. As the height of the syringe needle from the wound area increased, the pressure in the wound area increased. In order to maintain the pressure of 8–15 psi when nurses perform syringe-based irrigation, it is necessary to set the flow rate of the cleaning solution from 3.5 cc/s to less than 4.8 cc/s for 19G. In addition, 20G maintains the flow rate of the solution at 2.6 cc/s or more and less than 3.5 cc/s, 22G maintains the flow rate of solution at 1.3 cc/s or more and less than 1.8 cc/s, and 25G maintains the flow rate of solution at 0.5 cc/s. This study provides nurses with a reference for the flow rate at which syringe-based irrigation can be performed while maintaining the appropriate pressure based on fluid dynamics, which can be used as the basis for wound nursing standards.

Liquid-Driven Microinjection System for Precise Fundus Injection

“…The large overshoot flow rate in the injection will cause a lot of pressure on the fundus tissue. To quantify the tissue damage caused by the high-flow impact, we analyzed the injection pressure on the needle site between the retina and the choroid by using the Bernoulli equation [32], as shown in Figure 5. In this study, the Bernoulli equation is applied under the assumptions of a steady state, incompressibility, frictionless flow, and a single streamline.…”

“…The large overshoot flow rate in the injection will cause a lot of pressure on the fundus tissue. To quantify the tissue damage caused by the high-flow impact, we analyzed the injection pressure on the needle site between the retina and the choroid by using the Bernoulli equation [32], as shown in Figure 5.…”

Analysis of flow rate of continuous bladder irrigation according to the height of the irrigation infusion set

“…Studies that utilize fluid mechanics present practical evidence and are used for reference in several fields, such as automotive, aerospace, manufacturing, construction, medicine, and pharmacy, as well as for the implementation of social distancing measures 17 – 21 . Flow rate and pressure were studied in nursing in relation to wound irrigation 22 . Analyzing the variations in the flow rate according to the height of the fluid bag during CBI helps reduce nurses’ subjective judgments and specify the flow rate recommendations in guidelines, which allows nurses to perform bladder irrigation more effectively in clinical practice.…”