Analysis of Foot Morphology in Habitually Barefoot Group

Liang, Zhi Qiang; Meng, Yao; Popik, Sergey; Chen, Fei Fei

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.41.1

Cited by 6 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…2 ). Sixty-five studies measured foot length [ 3 – 5 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 20 – 22 , 30 – 38 , 40 – 44 , 46 – 50 , 53 , 55 – 64 , 66 – 77 , 79 – 82 , 84 , 85 , 87 – 89 , 91 , 93 – 95 ], 64 studies measured ball width/breadth [ 3 – 5 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 20 – 22 , 30 – 35 , 37 , 39 – 44 , 46 – 50 , 53 , 55 – 64 , 66 – 77 , 79 , 81 – 89 , 91 , 93 – 95 ], 51 studies measured ball girth [ 3 , 5 , 11 , 22 , 30 – 33 , 37 , 38 , 40 – 44 , 47 – 49 , 53 , 55 – 57 , 59 , …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological and statistical approaches for the assessment of foot shape using three‐dimensional foot scanning: a scoping review

Allan

Munteanu

Bonanno

et al. 2023

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

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Objective The objectives of this study were to: (i) review and provide a narrative synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) foot surface scanning methodological and statistical analysis protocols, and (ii) develop a set of recommendations for standardising the reporting of 3D foot scanning approaches. Methods A systematic search of the SCOPUS, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases were conducted to identify papers reporting 3D foot scanning protocols and analysis techniques. To be included, studies were required to be published in English, have more than ten participants, and involve the use of static 3D surface scans of the foot. Papers were excluded if they reported two-dimensional footprints only, 3D scans that did not include the medial arch, dynamic scans, or derived foot data from a full body scan. Results The search yielded 78 relevant studies from 17 different countries. The available evidence showed a large variation in scanning protocols. The subcategories displaying the most variation included scanner specifications (model, type, accuracy, resolution, capture duration), scanning conditions (markers, weightbearing, number of scans), foot measurements and definitions used, and statistical analysis approaches. A 16-item checklist was developed to improve the consistency of reporting of future 3D scanning studies. Conclusion 3D foot scanning methodological and statistical analysis protocol consistency and reporting has been lacking in the literature to date. Improved reporting of the included subcategories could assist in data pooling and facilitate collaboration between researchers. As a result, larger sample sizes and diversification of population groups could be obtained to vastly improve the quantification of foot shape and inform the development of orthotic and footwear interventions and products.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological and statistical approaches for the assessment of foot shape using three‐dimensional foot scanning: a scoping review

Allan

Munteanu

Bonanno

et al. 2023

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

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“…Prior to the gait tests 3-Dimensional foot morphology images of all subjects with the addition of extra weight were collected using the Easy-Foot-Scan (OrthoBaltic, Kaunas, Lithuania). Compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 3-Dimensional foot morphological scanning has the advantages of quickness, convenience and cheapness, and has been proven previously to have superior reliability (Liang et al, 2019;Shu et al, 2015). The resolution, smoothing and hole filling were set at 1.0 mm, 30 mm and 100 mm, respectively (Cen et al, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the two-dimensional foot image obtained from the foot morphological scanning, the variables of foot structure were calculated with Auto CAD software (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA, USA). Each subject's AHI, as static arch index, was measured by the vertical distance from the instep point to the surface (instep height) divided by the distance from Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8998/ fig-2 the first metatarsal joint protrusion to the most posterior point of the calcaneus (ball of the foot length) (Liang et al, 2019;Williams & Mcclay, 2000;Zhao et al, 2017) (Fig. 3A).…”

Section: Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The arch height index (AHI) was investigated by Williams and Mcclay in 2000. Since then AHI has been considered as a valid and reliable indicator for evaluating static arch features (Williams & Mcclay, 2000;Zhao et al, 2017;Liang et al, 2019). However, AHI is obtained by collecting the foot parameters (instep height and ball of foot length) from individuals under static conditions, and as a result, the arch behavior under dynamic loading may not be revealed (Bjelopetrovich & Barrios, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of additional body weight on arch index and dynamic plantar pressure distribution during walking and gait termination

Cen

Baker

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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The medial longitudinal arch is considered as an essential feature which distinguishes humans from other primates. The longitudinal arch plays a supporting and buffering role in human daily physical activities. However, bad movement patterns could lead to deformation of arch morphology, resulting in foot injuries. The authors aimed to investigate any alterations in static and dynamic arch index following different weight bearings. A further aim was to analyze any changes in plantar pressure distribution characteristics on gait during walking and stopping, Twelve males were required to complete foot morphology scans and three types of gait tests with 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of additional body weight. The dynamic gait tests included walking, planned and unplanned gait termination. Foot morphology details and plantar pressure data were collected from subjects using the Easy-Foot-Scan and Footscan pressure platform. No significant differences were observed in static arch index when adding low levels of additional body weight (10%). There were no significant changes observed in dynamic arch index when loads were added in the range of 20% to 30%, except in unplanned gait termination. Significant maximal pressure increases were observed in the rearfoot during walking and in both the forefoot and rearfoot during planned gait termination. In addition, significant maximum pressure increases were shown in the lateral forefoot and midfoot during unplanned gait termination when weight was increased. Findings from the study indicated that excessive weight bearing could lead to a collapse of the arch structure and, therefore, increases in plantar loading. This may result in foot injuries, especially during unplanned gait termination.

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“…Assessment of the sole morphology provides a clinically useful measure of the condition of the bony alignment and force-bearing structures. Several parameters quantifying the sole morphology have been proposed and used in the literature and clinical practice, such as foot length (FL) [9], foot width (FW) [10], arch height (AH), normalized arch height (NAH), arch index (AI) [11], Staheli's arch index (SAI) [12], Chippaux-Smirak index (CSI) [13], hallux valgus angle (HVA) [14], minimal distance between hallux and other toes, great toe height, and instep height, etc. [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Test-Retest Reliability of Sole Morphology Measurements Using a Novel Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction Method

et al. 2021

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Background: Assessment of the sole morphology provides a clinically useful measure of the foot condition, but existing methods are mostly limited to two-dimensional or non-weight-bearing conditions. The current study aimed to assess the reliability of a novel method called Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction Method (SIBPAIR) implemented on a commercial foot assessment system, and the intra-rater, inter-rater and inter-session reliability of the SIBPAIR-based protocol for three-dimensional sole morphological measurements. Methods: The reliability of the SIBPAIR method, and the intra-rater, inter-rater, and inter-session reliability of the SIBPAIR-based protocol in measuring morphological parameters of the sole were assessed by repeated measurements of fifteen young healthy adults by two male physical therapists, in terms of intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). Results and Conclusions: The SIBPAIR method was found to have very high reliability with very small SEM values, and the SIBPAIR-based protocol also showed very high intra-rater, inter-rater, and inter-session reliability with small SEM. These results indicate that accurate and reliable measurements could be obtained by following the protocol regardless of the rater’s experience or time of measurement. This will be useful for foot assessment and subsequent applications, such as design and manufacture of customized orthoses or shoes.

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Analysis of Foot Morphology in Habitually Barefoot Group

Cited by 6 publications

References 27 publications

Methodological and statistical approaches for the assessment of foot shape using three‐dimensional foot scanning: a scoping review

Methodological and statistical approaches for the assessment of foot shape using three‐dimensional foot scanning: a scoping review

Effect of additional body weight on arch index and dynamic plantar pressure distribution during walking and gait termination

Test-Retest Reliability of Sole Morphology Measurements Using a Novel Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction Method

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