Analysis of Fragrance Allergens in Personal Care Products, Toys, and Water Samples: A Review

Abstract

Fragrance allergens (FAs) refer to these volatile or semi-volatile fragrance compounds that can cause irritation and negative reactions. A large number of emerging FAs are widely used in household goods, and cause contact allergy or allergic contact dermatitis in eczema population and the general population. It shows an increasing prevalence and is regarded as a concern to public health. Recently, more and more studies have focused on the analytical methods of FAs in a variety of samples with different matrices. Therefore, a systematic and comprehensive overview of recent progress of analysis of FAs in various samples is needed. In this review, the physical and chemical properties, applications, hazards, and the recent advances of sample preparation and determination methods of common FAs in personal care products, toys, and water samples are systematically and comprehensively summarized. Meanwhile, this review also discusses the advantages and limitations of different sample pretreatment and detection methods, thus offering a deep-going discussion of the development and future trends in this area.

Mass-Spectrometry-Based Research of Cosmetic Ingredients

“…GC-MS is the most popular technique for fragrance analysis since they usually have low boiling points. Currently, GC is extensively used for sample infusion in EI-MS and has been greatly applied for the determination of allergens [ 28 , 31 , 98 , 107 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 ] and other risky components in cosmetic analysis ( Table A1 ). In addition to EI, other ionization techniques like chemical ionization (CI) and photoionization (PI) are employed for GC-MS investigations in this field.…”

“…Results were obtained with good repeatability. [ 151 ] 16 A total of 4 commercial perfumes purchased in a local store (Messina, Italy). GC-MS The GC-MS method described is a rapid (<5 min) and effective screening tool in the determination of 26 allergens contained in mediumly complex perfumes.…”

Axillary Contact Dermatitis: An Update on Potential Allergens and Management

“…Axillary ACD secondary to fragrances also may result from use of fragranced laundry detergents, fabric softeners, soaps, and perfumes, and may spare the vaults. 10,29,31,32 Less common presentations of axillary ACD due to fragrance include pigmented dermatoses; for example, ACD from an antiperspirant containing hydroperoxide of limonene presented as hyperpigmented patches with minimal erythema and scaling in the edges of the axillary folds. 33,34 Diagnosis of a fragrance ACD typically is made with a standard patch test series including fragrance mixture I and balsam of Peru, which may detect 75% and 50% of fragrance sensitivities, respectively.…”

Experimental study for inorganic and organic profiling of toy makeup products: Estimating the potential threat to child health

“…On the other hand, the fragrance ingredients, among toxic chemicals, are also added to the toy makeup to avoid unpleasant odors or to increase their appeal to consumers; however, they are potentially allergenic which can trigger respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma and rhinitis), neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, and contact dermatitis in children (Masuck et al 2010 ; Wang et al 2018 ; Wolkoff & Nielsen 2017 ). Since the concentration and composition of common fragrance allergens in toys is increasingly coming to public attention (Chen et al 2022 ), the European Union (EU) has set requirements for fragrance allergens in the Directive 2009/48/EC of the European Parliament on the Safety of Toys and EN71-13:2014 (European 2009 ; NSAI 2014 ).…”