Fragrance allergens (FAs) refer to these volatile or semi-volatile fragrance compounds that can cause irritation and negative reactions. A large number of emerging FAs are widely used in household goods, and cause contact allergy or allergic contact dermatitis in eczema population and the general population. It shows an increasing prevalence and is regarded as a concern to public health. Recently, more and more studies have focused on the analytical methods of FAs in a variety of samples with different matrices. Therefore, a systematic and comprehensive overview of recent progress of analysis of FAs in various samples is needed. In this review, the physical and chemical properties, applications, hazards, and the recent advances of sample preparation and determination methods of common FAs in personal care products, toys, and water samples are systematically and comprehensively summarized. Meanwhile, this review also discusses the advantages and limitations of different sample pretreatment and detection methods, thus offering a deep-going discussion of the development and future trends in this area.

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Background Fragrance allergens (FAs) refer to these volatile or semi-volatile fragrance compounds that can induce sensitization, and they are widely used in household goods. Objective In this work, a method combining solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed and applied in the analysis of 19 FAs (including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters and phenols) in paper household goods. Method The samples (infant or personal paper hygiene products) were cut into small pieces, and underwent SLE with methanol as solvent. The supernatant was taken, and ultrapure water, sodium chloride and trichloromethane (extractant) were added, which was mixed with vortex. After centrifugation, the bottom chloroform layer was taken for GC-MS detection. Results Under optimized conditions, a good linearity was achieved (r ≥ 0.9985) in the range of 0.01–128.0 mg/kg with relative standard deviations lower than 15%. The method showed limits of detection (LODs) within the range of 0.96–12.0 µg/kg and recoveries from 70.6% to 128.9% except furfuryl alcohol with low recoveries (53.8–64.6%). Twenty kinds of paper household goods samples were analyzed by this method, nine FAs were detected. The linalool detected in one sample was more than 10 mg/kg, and the contents of other analytes in this sample and all analytes in other samples were less than 10 mg/kg. Conclusion The performance evaluation of the method met the requirements of the analysis of trace components. The established method was successfully applied to the detection of FAs in paper household goods samples. The proposed method could provide a basis for the establishment of relevant detection standards in the future. Highlights The LODs were found between 0.96–12.0 µg/kg. A simple, economical and sensitive method was established for the determination of 19 FAs in paper household goods.

Fragrance allergens (FAs), which have unique fragrances, have been widely added in wet wipes, diapers, sanitary napkins and other paper personal care products. However, their negative effects on human health and environment cannot be ignored. Meantime, there are more than 1000 FAs, and various FAs may be added in the same product. This work presented a headspace solid phase microextraction combined with GC-MS for the analysis of 19 FAs in paper personal care products, in which the factors affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized by response surface methodology. Under optimal conditions, the performance of this method has been investigated, showing good linearity (R ≥ 0.995) in the range of 2.5×10− 4-1.28×10− 1 µg as well as good precision (RSDs ≤ 20%). The proposed method exhibited the LODs within the range of 1.9×10− 6-6.0×10− 4 µg. Twenty kinds of paper personal care products were analyzed by this method, and 12 FAs including limonene, linalool, benzyl acetate, citral, citronellol, geraniol, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, hydroxy citronellal, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and isoeugenol, were detected. The detection rate of benzyl alcohol was the highest (80%) with the content from 0.009 mg/kg to 5.73 mg/kg, following by linalool (over 75%) with the content up to 12.30 mg/kg in makeup remover cleansing wipes.