Analysis of Ionomic Profiles of Canine Hairs Exposed to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Stress

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to provide a new insight on the response of canines to stress exposure; the ionomic profiles of canine hair (2.8 ± 0.3 years, 15.17 ± 2.1 kg) (n = 10) was determined before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections. LPS was intramuscularly injected to induce inflammatory stress responses which were confirmed by observing increases in the level of serum cortisol, aldosterone, and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. The hair contents of 17 elements were obtained by applying analytical procedures using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The following elements: sodium(Na) and potassium(K) among macro-elements, iron(Fe) and manganese(Mn) among micro-elements, and aluminum(Al), nickel(Ni), and lead(Pb) for toxic elements, showed significant increased levels with the immunological stress. The degree of increase in toxic elements was remarkable with the stress exposure. A forty-five-fold increase seen in Al accumulation with the stress exposure was noteworthy. Although mercury(Hg) and cadmium(Cd) showed decreased levels with the stress exposure, the degree was negligible compared to the level of increase. Correlation pattern between the elements was changed with the immunological stress. Toxic elements became more correlated with macro- or micro-elements than with toxic elements themselves after the stress exposure. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that LPS challenge shifted the overall hair mineral profiles to a consistent direction changing Al and K up, even in animals with different hair mineral profiles before LPS treatment. In conclusion, the multivariate data processing and study of element distribution patterns provided new information about the ionomic response of the canine hairs to immunological stress, i.e., the ionomic profiles of canine hairs is strongly affected by the stress induced by LPS injections.

Concentration of elements in the hair of growing and adult dogs

“…The biological mechanisms involved in element deposition in hair are very complex, depending upon the concentration in the blood (Długaszek 2019), even though the breed of the dogs can in some circumstances be another factor to be considered (Davies et al 2017). Nonetheless, some physiological conditions can influence the utilisation of some elements, as was reported in dogs (So et al 2016) and humans (Song et al 2007;Suliburska 2011). For these reasons, other authors did not considered hair a reliable matrix to assess dietary intakes of elements in animals (Combs 1987) and humans (Cho and Yang 2018;Długaszek 2019).…”

Suhuai suckling piglet ionomic-metabolome responses to different dietary copper level in antibiotic free creep feed

“…Concentrations in hair Fe, Mn and Al increased in the CON group more than in the HC group, and strong positive correlations between Fe-Al (r = 0.851) and Mn-Al (r = 0.808) were observed (see Additional le 1, Table S3). These elements share the same uptake mechanism (transferrin), and Fe, Mn and Al are related to in ammation in humans and animals [38], corroborated by an observed increase in TNF-α in the CON group. Noteworthy changes were seen in the correlation pattern between macro and micro or toxic elements with increased copper levels in the diet (Fig.…”

“…We also observed that a negative correlation of toxic (Pb and Al) elements appeared in the HC group. These changes could re ect imbalance or adverse status in these elements [38], and marginal or severe element imbalances can be considered risk factors for several diseases [40]. These results suggest that a dietary dose of 300 mg•kg − 1 Cu might have adverse effects on the health of suckling piglets.…”

Nursing piglet ionomics-metabolome responses to different dietary copper levels in antibiotic-free creep feed

“…In our study, of the 13 elements tested, concentrations of eight elements in hair were affected by levels of dietary copper, with hair Na, K, and Cu increasing in the HC group, suggesting that Na-K balance changes and reabsorption decreased. Concentrations in hair Fe, Mn, and Al increased in the CON group than in the HC group, and these elements share the same uptake mechanism (transferrin), and Fe, Mn, and Al are related to in ammation in humans and animals [22], corroborated by an observed increase in TNF-α in the CON group (see Additional le1, Table S2). Noteworthy changes were seen in the correlation pattern between macro and micro or toxic elements with increased copper levels in the diet (Fig.…”

“…We also observed that a negative correlation of toxic (Pb and Al) elements appeared in the HC group. These changes could re ect imbalance or adverse status in these elements [22], and marginal or severe element imbalances can be considered risk factors for several diseases [24]. These results suggest that a dietary dose of 300 mg•kg -1 Cu might have adverse effects on nursing piglets' health.…”