Analysis of Possible Intermediate Hosts of the New Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Yuan, Shu; Jiang, Si; Li, Zi Lin

doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00379

Cited by 32 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…SARS-CoV-2 has been identified as a third zoonotichuman coronavirus [15]. The bats are the natural host for SARS-CoV-2 while the intermediate reservoir is still under debate [16][17][18]. As per the global scenario, about 53.9 million people have been reported to be positive for COVID-19 with 1.31 million confirmed deaths and 34.7 million recovered till November 14, 2020 [19].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS coronavirus 2: from genome to infectome

et al. 2020

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the group of Betacoronaviruses. The SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to SARS-CoV-1 and probably originated either from bats or pangolins. SARS-CoV-2 is an etiological agent of COVID-19, causing mild to severe respiratory disease which escalates to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or multi-organ failure. The virus was first reported from the animal market in Hunan, Hubei province of China in the month of December, 2019, and was rapidly transmitted from animal to human and human-to-human. The human-to-human transmission can occur directly or via droplets generated during coughing and sneezing. Globally, around 53.9 million cases of COVID-19 have been registered with 1.31 million confirmed deaths. The people > 60 years, persons suffering from comorbid conditions and immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection. The virus primarily targets the upper and the lower respiratory tract and quickly disseminates to other organs. SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates immune signaling pathways which generate cytokine storm and leads to the acute respiratory distress syndrome and other multisystemic disorders.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS coronavirus 2: from genome to infectome

et al. 2020

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“…Like most CoVs in the beta group, the hosts of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are bats, probably the natural reservoir of these viruses; infected dromedaries are only intermediate hosts of MERS-CoV, and palm civets are intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV. There have been many attempts to identify the intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2, yet it has still not been detected [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Currently, no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines have been approved to combat SARS and MERS.…”

Section: ⧉ Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and semisynthetic candidate molecules for COVID-19 prophylaxis and treatment

Biță

Scorei²,

Mogoantă

et al. 2020

Rom J Morphol Embryol

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Coronaviruses (CoVs) represent a family of viruses that have numerous animal hosts, and they cause severe respiratory, as well as systemic and enteric infections, in humans. Currently, there are limited antiviral strategies for treating patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lack of specific antiviral medicines and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines continues to aggravate the situation. Natural product-based antiviral drugs have been used in the two previous CoV outbreaks: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the first SARS-CoV. This review emphasizes the role of natural and semisynthetic candidate molecules for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prophylaxis and treatment. The experimental evidence suggests that nature could offer huge possibilities for treatment of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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“…While if SARS-CoV-2 S binds free heparins in the interstitial fluids or in the blood, the enhanced S1/S2 cleavage may induce more exposure of the optimal epitope 773-779, which therefore accelerates SARS-CoV-2 clearance ( Figure 5). One copy of the HS-binding motif adjacent to the cleavage site in the S protein is a common characteristic of murine coronaviruses (de Haan et al, 2005;Watanabe et al, 2007), which suggests that one or more rodent species might be the intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2 where the virus was once circulating and mutating (Yuan et al, 2020a).…”

Section: Figure 4 Distribution Of a Heparin-binding Sequence Immediamentioning

confidence: 99%

TMPRSS2 Protease Inhibitors May Prolong But Heparins Accelerate SARS-CoV-2 Clearance

Yuan¹,

Jiang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The 2019 novel SARS-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) entry depends on the host membrane serine protease TMPRSS2, which can be blocked by some clinically-proven drugs. Here we analyzed spatial relevance between glycosylation sequons and antibody epitopes and found that, different from SARS-CoV S, most high-surface-accessible epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 S are blocked by the glycosylation, and the optimal epitope with the highest surface accessibility is covered by the S1 cap. TMPRSS2 inhibitor treatments may prevent unmasking of this epitope and therefore prolong virus clearance and may induce antibody-dependent enhancement. Interestingly, a heparin-binding sequence immediately upstream of the S1/S2 cleavage site has been found in SARS-CoV-2 S but not in SARS-CoV S. Binding of SARS-CoV-2 with heparins may lead to exposure of S686, which then facilitates the S1/S2 cleavage, induces exposure of the optimal epitope, and therefore increases the antibody titres. A combination of heparin and vaccine (or convalescent serum) treatments thus is recommended.

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Analysis of Possible Intermediate Hosts of the New Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 32 publications

References 40 publications

SARS coronavirus 2: from genome to infectome

SARS coronavirus 2: from genome to infectome

Natural and semisynthetic candidate molecules for COVID-19 prophylaxis and treatment

TMPRSS2 Protease Inhibitors May Prolong But Heparins Accelerate SARS-CoV-2 Clearance

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