Analysis of Process Parameters Affecting Spray-Dried Oily Core Nanocapsules Using Factorial Design

Abstract

Abstract. The purpose of this work was to optimize the process parameters required for the production of spray-dried oily core nanocapsules (NCs) with targeted size and drug yield using a two-level fourfactor fractional factorial experimental design (FFED). The coded process parameters chosen were inlet temperature (X 1 ), feed flow rate (X 2 ), atomizing air flow (X 3 ), and aspiration rate (X 4 ). The produced NCs were characterized for size, yield, morphology, and powder flowability by dynamic light scattering, electron microscope, Carr's index, and Hausner ratio measurement, respectively. The mean size of produced NCs ranged from 129.5 to 444.8 nm, with yield varying from 14.1% to 31.1%. The statistical analysis indicated an adequate model fit in predicting the effect of process parameters affecting yield. Predicted condition for maximum yield was: inlet temperature 140°C, atomizing air flow 600 L/h, feed flow rate 0.18 L/h, and aspiration air flow set at 100%, which led to a yield of 30.8%. The morphological analysis showed the existence of oily core and spherical nanostructure. The results from powder flowability analysis indicated average Carr's index and Hausner ratio of 42.77% and 1.76, respectively. Spray-dried oily core NCs with size lower than 200 nm were successfully produced, and the FFED proved to be an effective approach in predicting the production of spray-dried NCs of targeted yield.

Development of a Solid Self‐Emulsification Delivery System for the Oral Delivery of Astaxanthin

“…Another method for transformation from liquid SEDS to solid SEDS is melt granulation. At a relatively low temperature, powder is conducted through an one‐step operation that adding a binder which can melt or soften at this special temperature . With these varying solidification techniques, self‐emulsifying powders, granules, pellets and tablets can be produced.…”

“…At a relatively low temperature, powder is conducted through an one-step operation that adding a binder which can melt or soften at this special temperature. [16] With these varying solidification techniques, self-emulsifying powders, granules, pellets and tablets can be produced. Considering the dual characteristics of solid (i.e., low production cost, convenience of process control, high stability and reproducibility, better patient compliance) and self-emulsifying agents (e.g., enhanced solubility and bioavailability), S-SEDS can greatly improve the bioavailability of drugs by forming a huge specific surface area.…”

Spray drying of starch submicron particles prepared by high pressure homogenization and mini-emulsion cross-linking

“…These methods affect the formation of internal network structure and the particles aggregation quite significantly (Abubakr et al, 2009;Maltesen and van de Weert, 2008;Que et al, 2008). As the internal structure of the starch submicron particles and their aggregating behavior affect the important properties such as redispersion in water or in other solvents, it is necessary to investigate their drying process (Zhang and Youan, 2010).…”

Inhalable resveratrol microparticles produced by vibrational atomization spray drying for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension

“…The powder flowability directly affects directly the dry powder inhalation performance and can be obtained from the CI value. CI values less than 25% indicates a powder with good flowability, and values greater than 25% indicates cohesive powder characteristics, corresponding to poor flowability [13]. The CI value of RSV-MP was approximately 17%, indicating a fluidity powder.…”