“…In this study, we utilize the simplified atmospheric general circulation model SPEEDY provided by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, which reasonably simulates global climatological features compared to observations and has inexpensive computation requirements (Kucharski et al., 2006, 2013; Molteni, 2003). Thus, this model is widely used in studying atmospheric response to anomalous SST (Cheung et al., 2021; Gore et al., 2020; Jian et al., 2020, 2021, Leung et al., 2020, 2022; Sun et al., 2017). The model is initially run with the climatological mean SST for 160 years.…”