Analysis of Research Method, Results and Regulations Regarding the Exhaust Emissions from Two-Wheeled Vehicles under Actual Operating Conditions

Szymlet, Natalia; Lijewski, Piotr; Sokolnicka, Barbara; Siedlecki, Maciej; Domowicz, Andrzej

doi:10.12911/22998993/113077

Cited by 12 publications

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“…The number and classification of vehicles were measured in 10 min cycles and time-correlated with air quality measurements. and Undefined vehicles (Undefined)) were used due to previously obtained results of actual emissions from small passenger cars, passenger cars, two-wheelers, vans, heavy vehicles, and heavy vehicles with a hitch while driving in the Poznań agglomeration [16,[18][19][20][21][22]. The analyses were performed over 10 min intervals, vehicles, and emissions were summed up over 10 min periods of traffic intensity according to the sampling frequency of the air quality analyzers placed inside and outside the nurseries.…”

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The Way of Usage and Location in a Big City Agglomeration as Impact Factors of the Nurseries Indoor Air Quality

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The quality of outdoor air in many places, especially in urbanized areas, is bad; therefore, a series of studies aimed at assessing the impact of outdoor air parameters on indoor air quality was conducted. Four nurseries (three buildings) located in different parts of Poznań, Poland were selected as research sites. During the research period, the concentrations of CO2, PM2.5, and PM10 inside and outside the buildings over time were analyzed. Measurements outside the buildings were supplemented with an analysis of traffic near nurseries and an assessment of pollutant emissions from vehicles of various categories. Measurements were conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic in a weekly series during winter (December)—(W), spring (April)—(S), and at the end of spring (June)—(LS). Testing and analyses indicated poor indoor air quality in three out of four nurseries. To ensure indoor air quality at the proper level, it is necessary to supply rooms with outside air. Ventilating rooms by airing, when the outside air is polluted, reduces the CO2 concentration but worsens the indoor air quality in terms of particulate matter (PM). Seasonality in the concentration of particulate matter in outdoor air and its connection with the outside air temperature was noticed. No relationship between traffic and the values of PM10 and CO2 concentrations inside nurseries was observed.

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“…Per-second emission values used in the calculation of pollutants emitted from vehicles[18][19][20][21][22].…”

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The Way of Usage and Location in a Big City Agglomeration as Impact Factors of the Nurseries Indoor Air Quality

et al. 2021

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“…In this respect, note in particular that emission tests are carried out in real operating conditions [16][17][18][19][20][21]. These studies provide more reliable results, which sometimes critically verify theoretical assumptions or the predictions made on their basis.…”

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Exhaust Emissions from a Hybrid City Bus Fuelled by Conventional and Oxygenated Fuel

2022

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City buses are one of the main means of public transport in cities. As they move in a limited and densely populated area and are intensively exploited, it is particularly important that they are environmentally friendly. There are many ways to reduce emissions from city buses, including the use of hybrid propulsion. Another way is to use low-emission fuels. This article presents the results of the emission tests of an 18 m articulated city bus with a serial hybrid drive fuelled comparatively by conventional diesel fuel and oxygenated fuel containing 10% v/v of triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME). The emission tests were carried out during the actual operation of the bus on a route in Poznań (Poland) and over the SORT cycles. The obtained test results were compared also with the results obtained for a conventional bus. The reduction in emissions of some exhaust components was found when the hybrid bus was fuelled with oxygenated fuel during its actual operation on the bus route. There was a reduction in CO emissions by ~50% and NOx emissions by ~10%. Almost identical levels of PM and HC emissions and smoke opacity were observed for both fuels. In the SORT cycles, the differences in the emissions obtained for both types of fuel were small. In general, for the hybrid bus, a lower influence of oxygenated fuel on emissions was recorded than for the conventional bus.

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“…Fuel cells have another feature that is difficult to consider in cold cost-benefit calculations: it is a practical solution that stimulates our imagination. Many specialists see them as another important, ecologically clean source of energy in the 21st century [ 174 , 175 , 176 ].…”

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Modern Nanocomposites and Hybrids as Electrode Materials Used in Energy Carriers

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Over the past decades, the application of new hybrid materials in energy storage systems has seen significant development. The efforts have been made to improve electrochemical performance, cyclic stability, and cell life. To achieve this, attempts have been made to modify existing electrode materials. This was achieved by using nano-scale materials. A reduction of size enabled an obtainment of changes of conductivity, efficient energy storage and/or conversion (better kinetics), emergence of superparamagnetism, and the enhancement of optical properties, resulting in better electrochemical performance. The design of hybrid heterostructures enabled taking full advantage of each component, synergistic effect, and interaction between components, resulting in better cycle stability and conductivity. Nowadays, nanocomposite has ended up one of the foremost prevalent materials with potential applications in batteries, flexible cells, fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, and photocatalysis. The main goal of this review is to highlight a new progress of different hybrid materials, nanocomposites (also polymeric) used in lithium-ion (LIBs) and sodium-ion (NIBs) cells, solar cells, supercapacitors, and fuel cells and their electrochemical performance.

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Analysis of Research Method, Results and Regulations Regarding the Exhaust Emissions from Two-Wheeled Vehicles under Actual Operating Conditions

Cited by 12 publications

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The Way of Usage and Location in a Big City Agglomeration as Impact Factors of the Nurseries Indoor Air Quality

The Way of Usage and Location in a Big City Agglomeration as Impact Factors of the Nurseries Indoor Air Quality

Exhaust Emissions from a Hybrid City Bus Fuelled by Conventional and Oxygenated Fuel

Modern Nanocomposites and Hybrids as Electrode Materials Used in Energy Carriers

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