The aspect of safety in electronic devices has turned out to be a huge challenge for the world of science. Thus far, satisfactory power and energy densities, efficiency, and cell capacities have been achieved. Unfortunately, the explosiveness and thermal runaway of the cells prevents them from being used in demanding applications such as electric cars at higher temperatures. The main aim of this review is to highlight different electrolytes used in lithium-ion cells as well as the flammability aspect. In the paper, the authors present liquid inorganic electrolytes, composite polymer–ceramic electrolytes, ionic liquids (IL), polymeric ionic liquids, polymer electrolytes (solvent-free polymer electrolytes (SPEs), gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), and composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs)), and different flame retardants used to prevent the thermal runaway and combustion of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Additionally, various flame tests used for electrolytes in LIBs have been adopted. Aside from a detailed description of the electrolytes consumed in LIBs. Last section in this work discusses hydrogen as a source of fuel cell operation and its practical application as a global trend that supports green chemistry.

The paper contains exhaust emission results for an RDE test drive of a passenger vehicle with a spark ignition bi-fuel engine fuelled with LPG. The tests were performed in accordance with the RDE test requirements, and their results were compared to the emission limits of the applicable EURO norm. The aim of the paper is to investigate the discrepancies in the real exhaust emissions between the gasoline-specific emission norms and real values from vehicle use when powered by LPG.

Road transport holds for the largest share in the freight transport sector in Europe. This work is carried out by heavy vehicles of various types. It is assumed that, in principle, transport should take place on the main road connections, such as motorways or national roads. Their share in the polish road infrastructure is not dominant. Rural and communal roads roads are the most prevalent. This fact formed the basis of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption tests of heavy vehicles in real operating conditions. A set of vehicles (truck tractor with a semi-trailer) meeting the Euro V emission norm, transporting a load of 24,800 kg, was selected for the tests. The research was carried out on an non-urban route, the test route length was 22 km. A mobile Semtech DS instrument was used, which was used to measure the exhaust emissions. Based on the obtained results, the emission characteristics were determined in relation to the operating parameters of the vehicles drive system. Road emission, specific emission and fuel consumption values were also calculated.

Road traffic is a common phenomenon in cities, and all urban road users suffer its negative effects. Therefore, the subject of this article is a comparative analysis of the exhaust emissions of toxic compounds and the operating parameters of two-wheeled vehicles measured under real operating conditions. The comparison applies to two drive cycles: in the first, the vehicle was travelling in standard city traffic (without using the bus lanes), while in the second, the vehicle travelled on bus lanes, whenever those were available. Such analysis made it possible to evaluate the ecological usefulness of bus lanes by assessing the exhaust emissions and the travel time of the test vehicle. For this purpose, an analysis of the exhaust emission values in time was performed for gaseous compounds (HC, CO, CO 2 , NO x) from a scooter equipped with a 125 cm 3 displacement engine with a maximum power of 9 kW. The tests were carried out under real operating conditions in the city of Poznań. The route has been chosen so that it consisted of roads with a number of bus lanes. AXIONR/S+ mobile apparatus belonging to the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) group was used in the research. The device is one of the most modern measuring instruments, where the entire device is a suitcase weighing only 18 kg containing two analyzers for measuring the concentrations of both gaseous and solid exhaust components.

The subject of this article was the analysis of the current state of legislation regarding the exhaust emissions from two-wheeled vehicles. The regulations and emission limits were analyzed and compared for different areas of the world. Moreover, the review of the legal provisions includes an individual approach to specific categories of two-wheeled vehicles. The study also describes the research and exhaust emission measurement methods from mopeds and motorcycles both under laboratory conditions and in actual operation. The methods were evaluated in the aspect of future emission requirements and trends. In addition, the results of emissivity measurements under actual operating conditions obtained in the Poznań agglomeration with the use of motorcycle units were discussed and analyzed. The values of road emissions of all toxic compounds limited by legislators were compared with emission standards.