Analysis of technologies used to make hollow ingots and prospects for their improvement

Experience in Using Coal Flotation Waste for Insulationhead Part of Dead-Melted Steelingot

“…It is also very difficult to obtain silicone powder due to its explosiveness. Another disadvantage of the mixtures noted in [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19], which reduce their manufacturability, is that as a result of their combustion, heat-conducting combustion products are formed, which require the additional introduction of a heat-insulating layer of materials.…”

“…Many studies have traditionally been devoted to studying the internal structure of ingots, including mild steel [19][20][21][22]. In this case, the study of the structure of the head part of the ingot is of great interest since this structure most determines the yield of usable metal during shaping processes.…”

“…Analysis of a larger number of literary sources [17][18][19][20][21][22] allows us to classify all types of mild steel ingots as follows (Figure 1, a-d):…”

“…In [19,24], two types of welded shrinkage cavities were obtained-one by the usual turning of the ingot with a still liquid core and the other by dispersing the cavity offset relative to the ingot axissometimes by laying the ingot on the side surface after casting. The technology for producing ingots with inversion has been known for a long time; it is used to produce ingots with a closed shell and, during rolling, a welded shell.…”

Improving microstructure and segregation of steel ingot by inorganic heat absorption method

“…To solve the above problems, researchers have proposed a number of technical means to improve the solidification structure of large ingots. For example, Multilayer additive hot-compression bonding technology [16,17], Multi-Packing pouring technology [18][19][20], Electroslag [38] remelting technology [21], Hollow ingot technology [22]. These technologies have improved the defects of large ingots to a certain extent, but there are also some limitations.…”