Analysis of the 1999–2000 highly pathogenic avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic in the main poultry-production area in northern Italy

Effect of H7N1 vaccination on highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N7 virus transmission in turkeys

“…It has been shown that turkeys are more susceptible to certain strains of LPAI viruses than chickens [5,22] and also to H5N9 HPAI virus [13]. Furthermore, the incidence rate for HPAI H7N1 was greater for turkey farms than other bird species such as laying hens during the Italian epidemic in 1999-2000 [10]. A higher susceptibility however, does not necessarily mean a higher transmission.…”

“…Recent HPAI outbreaks in turkey flocks occurred in Italy (1999; H7N1 [10]) and Chile (2002; H7N3 [11]), and various LPAI outbreaks have been detected in, e.g. US, Italy and Great Britain [12].…”

“…Consequently, turkeys may play an important role in AI outbreaks and an effective control strategy in turkeys is essential in attempts to eliminate HPAI. From the literature it appears that turkey flocks have more new cases of HPAI H7N1 per 1000 flocks per day at risk compared to other bird species, such as game birds, water fowl and layer hens [10]. Moreover, a challenge study showed that a minimal nasal infection dose of HPAI H5N9 was fatal to turkeys, whereas chickens sometimes recovered or were not affected at all [13].…”

Incidence of Avian Flu Shocks on Poor Household Livelihoods of Poultry Farmers in Africa

“…Increasing density of poultry is associated with a higher contact rate between susceptible and infected birds and therefore greater risk of spread [29][30][31][32][33][34]. However, no association was found between poultry density and the risk of HPAIV infection in China, suggesting that this unexpected finding was due to a greater proportion of industrialized chicken production at higher poultry densities, with associated higher biosecurity standards and vaccination protocols.…”

Une approche régionale à la biosécurité: l'exemple avicole

“…Ces données permirent d'analyser des facteurs tels que le type de production et la présence d'autres espèces animales en ayant tenu compte de la taille de l'élevage qui était alors considérée comme facteur de confusion (Thomas et al 2005). De fait, la taille de l'élevage était un facteur lors de l'épidémie de grippe aviaire en Italie en 1999 (Mannelli et al 2006). Le nombre de bâtiments sur une ferme a également été identifié comme facteur de risque associé à la probabilité d'une infection par Campylobacter (Refrégier-Petton et al 2001).…”