Analysis of the Existing Barriers for the Market Development of Power to Hydrogen (P2H) in Italy

Abstract

New technological solutions are required to control the impact of the increasing presence of renewable energy sources connected to the electric grid that are characterized by unpredictable production (i.e., wind and solar energy). Energy storage is becoming essential to stabilize the grid when a mismatch between production and demand occurs. Among the available solutions, Power to Hydrogen (P2H) is one of the most attractive options. However, despite the potential, many barriers currently hinder P2H market development. The literature reports general barriers and strategies to overcome them, but a specific analysis is fundamental to identifying how these barriers concretely arise in national and regional frameworks, since tailored solutions are needed to foster the development of P2H local market. The paper aims to identify and to analyze the existing barriers for P2H market uptake in Italy. The paper shows how several technical, regulatory and economic issues are still unsolved, resulting in a source of uncertainty for P2H investment. The paper also suggests possible approaches and solutions to address the Italian barriers and to support politics and decision-makers in the definition and implementation of the national hydrogen strategy.

Numerical Investigation of the Impact of H2 Enrichment on Lean Biogas/Air Flames: An Analytical Modelling Approach

“…As stated above, the analytical model of Equation (8) presented values in agreement with the numerical simulations performed. To validate the developed model, a collection of results from the literature was compared to the model predictions.…”

“…Therefore, green hydrogen has been pointed out as a more scalable alternative. It can be produced through electrolysis, requiring only a source of water and electricity [8]. By producing hydrogen through electrolysis, it is possible to couple the gas and electricity sectors, taking advantage of off-peak hours electricity production.…”

Objective factors and policies of countries affecting hydrogen market development

“…Chi phí vận hành nhà máy sản xuất hydrogen (OPEX) cũng cho thấy thách thức về điện năng tiêu thụ cho quá trình điện phân nước, lưu trữ hydrogen và các thiết bị phụ trợ khác (ví dụ: máy nén). Bên cạnh đó, máy điện phân và các thiết bị khác cần được bảo trì thường xuyên [5].…”

“…Khái niệm "nền kinh tế hydrogen" hiện chưa được phổ biến rộng rãi trong cộng đồng. Trên thực tế, vai trò của hydrogen đối với thị trường năng lượng đang giới hạn ở giới chuyên môn hoặc các bên liên quan trong lĩnh vực năng lượng [5].…”

A Preliminary Assessment of the Potential of Low Percentage Green Hydrogen Blending in the Italian Natural Gas Network

“…Among the non-technological barriers, it is relevant that only qualitative evaluations have been carried out about the potential of green hydrogen blending in the existing natural gas networks [23]. In particular, a fundamental question for the development of a long-term strategy is "how much green hydrogen could be yearly produced and blended in the existing natural gas networks without any relevant impact on the infrastructure and the end-users?"…”