Analysis of the kinetics, isotype and specificity of serum and coproantibody in lambs infected with Cryptosporidium parvum

Hill, B. D.; Blewett, David A.; Dawson, A. M.; Wright, Stephen E.

doi:10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31513-3

Cited by 77 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In contrast, only one of seven patients given nonimmune DLE had a decrease in bowel movement frequency, only two gained weight, and four remained stool positive for oocysts. After (176) and in feces obtained from experimentally infected lambs (137). Antibody neutralization-sensitive epitopes on the surface of C. parvum sporozoites have been demonstrated, and several laboratories are investigating the potential immunotherapeutic utility of hyperimmune bovine colostrum (see below).…”

Section: Immunologic Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis

1991

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Before 1982, only eight case reports of human cryptosporidiosis and fewer than 30 papers on Cryptosporidium spp. appeared in the biomedical literature. At that time, cryptosporidiosis was thought to be an infrequent infection in animals and rarely an opportunistic infection in humans. The concept of Cryptosporidium spp. as pathogens has changed dramatically within the past 8 years because of improved diagnostic techniques, increased awareness within the biomedical community, and the development of basic research programs in numerous laboratories. Presently, greater than 1,000 publications including over 400 case reports in the biomedical literature address Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium parvum is now thought to be one of the three most common enteropathogens causing diarrheal illness in humans worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is likely that cryptosporidiosis was previously included in the 25 to 35% of diarrheal illness with unknown etiology. Because of the severity and length of diarrheal illness and because no effective therapy has been identified, cryptosporidiosis is one of the most ominous infections associated with AIDS. The role of C. parvum as an enteropathogen is well established; documentation of its role as a cause of hepatobiliary and respiratory diseases is now appearing in the literature. Our present understanding of the natural history, epidemiology, biology, and immunology of Cryptosporidium spp. as well as the clinical features, pathogenicity, and treatment of cryptosporidiosis are reviewed here.

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Section: Immunologic Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis

1991

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“…Infected newborn calves excrete oocyst numbers of the order of 10 6 -10 7 gG 1 of feces and were considered to be a more dangerous source of infection. Moreover, adult sheep and cattle can act as asymptomatic carriers shedding small numbers of oocysts to the environment which was shown to increase in number in the perinatal period and contribute to maintaining the infection between parturition periods (Hill et al, 1990;Garber et al, 1994;Xiao and Herd, 1994). Between 75-100% of lambs and calves born in this environment become infected in the first few weeks of life Asian J.…”

Section: Epidemiology and Incidence In Egyptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis in Animals and Man: 1. Taxonomic Classification, Life Cycle, Epidemiology and Zoonotic Importance

Ghazy¹,

Abdel-Shafy²,

Shaapan³

2015

Asian J. of Epidemiology

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Cryptosporidiosis is mainly a problem in neonatal farm animals. Cryptosporidium parvum is the most commonly found entero-pathogen during the 1st weeks of the life in calves, lambs, foals, piglets and goat kids and is considered to be an important agent in the etiology of the neonatal diarrhea syndrome. The parasite frequently acts alone but the losses are more pronounced when concurrent entero-pathogens are present. Economic losses associated with cryptosporidiosis are retarded growth and mortality and a number of hard to estimate costs resulting from interventions necessitated by diarrheic problems. Especially in small ruminants, the direct losses due to mortality caused by cryptosporidiosis alone were reported to be high. In the current review article, data concerning taxonomy, life cycle, epidemiology and zoonotic importance are discussed.

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“…In a more recent study, investigators extended those observations by producing dimeric IgA monoclonals that significantly reduced the intensity of the infection in neonatal mice (7). Other studies with neonatal animals have shown that mucosal antibody responses to the pathogen accompany resolution of diarrhea and oocyst shedding and vary from species to species (12,(19)(20)(21)25). In mice, IgA and IgG appeared in intestinal secretions at day 15 to 30 postinfection (p.i.)…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and peaked at day 13 p.i. (12,19). Similar kinetics were observed in experimentally infected calves; however, in addition to IgA, IgG and IgM were found in the fecal extracts (20,21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar kinetics were observed in experimentally infected calves; however, in addition to IgA, IgG and IgM were found in the fecal extracts (20,21). In both lambs and calves, reduction and resolution of oocyst shedding were related to increasing fIgA titers (12,20,21); this observation, however, was not made in the mouse model (26). However, when lambs were rechallenged with C. parvum oocysts, no significant changes in antibody titer were observed (19,21).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fecal Antibodies toCryptosporidium parvumin Healthy Volunteers

et al. 2000

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This study examined the intestinal antibody response in 26 healthy volunteers challenged with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Fecal extracts were assayed for total secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and C. parvumspecific IgA reactivity. Specific IgA reactivity was standardized to IgA concentration and expressed as a reactivity index (RI). Anti-C. parvum fecal IgA (fIgA) increased significantly in 17 of 26 (65.4%) following oocyst ingestion. Of those with detectable responses, 59, 76.5, and 94.1% were positive by days 7, 14, and 30, respectively. Volunteers receiving high challenge doses (>1,000 and 300 to 500 oocysts) had higher RIs (RI ‫؍‬ 5.57 [P ‫؍‬ 0.027] and RI ‫؍‬ 1.68 [P ‫؍‬ 0.039], respectively) than those ingesting low doses (30 to 100 oocysts; RI ‫؍‬ 0.146). Subjects shedding oocysts and experiencing a diarrheal illness had the highest fIgA reactivity. When evaluated separately, oocyst excretion was associated with an increased fIgA response compared to nonshedders (RI ‫؍‬ 1.679 versus 0.024, respectively; P ‫؍‬ 0.003). However, in subjects experiencing diarrhea with or without oocyst shedding, a trend toward a higher RI (P ‫؍‬ 0.065) was seen. Extracts positive for fecal IgA were further examined for IgA subclass. The majority of stools contained both IgA1 and IgA2, and the relative proportions did not change following challenge. Also, no C. parvum-specific IgM or IgG was detected in fecal extracts. Thus, fecal IgA to C. parvum antigens was highly associated with infection in subjects who had no evidence of previous exposure and may provide a useful tool in detecting recent infections.

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Analysis of the kinetics, isotype and specificity of serum and coproantibody in lambs infected with Cryptosporidium parvum

Cited by 77 publications

References 21 publications

Cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidiosis in Animals and Man: 1. Taxonomic Classification, Life Cycle, Epidemiology and Zoonotic Importance

Fecal Antibodies toCryptosporidium parvumin Healthy Volunteers

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