Analysis of the mechanical and physicochemical properties of Ti‐6Al‐4 V discs obtained by selective laser melting and subtractive manufacturing method

Abstract

The surface properties of titanium and its alloys are commonly modified by different techniques, including additive manufacturing (AM), to improve the osseointegration of dental implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the wettability, topography, chemistry, and structure of titanium‐aluminum‐vanadium (Ti‐6Al‐4 V) discs fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) and subtractive manufacturing (conventional machining). Three different groups were evaluated: selective laser melting (SLM); conventional machining with H3PO4 + NaOH surface treatment (CM + ST); and conventional machining without surface treatment (CM), including analysis of wettability and roughness, morphological and chemical analyses by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and structural characterization analysis by computed tomography (micro‐CT), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that SLM surface had higher roughness (9.09 ± 1.94 Ra; 51.93 ± 11.59 Rz; 11.03 ± 1.95 Sa) and lower wettability (103.23° ± 13) than CM (0.06 ± 0.01 Ra; 0.42 ± 0.078 Rz; 0.07 ± 0.01 Sa) (76.95° ± 4.18) and CM + ST (0.17 ± 0.38 Ra; 0.88 ± 0.15 Rz; 0.18 ± 0.04 Sa) (18.55° ± 6.47) (p < 0.05). SEM images also proved the higher roughness of SLM surface, and CM + ST discs showed a topography resembling a sponge, characteristic of the nanometric treatment applied. EDX and XRD found no differences between the different surfaces, and micro‐CT demonstrated the solid characteristic of the SLM disc. Compared with conventional machining, the SLM technique resulted in higher roughness and lower wettability. Meanwhile, the chemical properties and structure of the titanium alloy was not altered by the technique.

Influence of the roughness of dental implants obtained by additive manufacturing on osteoblastic adhesion and proliferation: A systematic review

“…It is noteworthy that surface treatments and polishing are proposed on the printed surfaces to regularize the surface and remove loosely adhered spherical particles, which can lead to peri-implant inflammation and significantly affect osseointegration [ 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 12 , 19 , 21 , 35 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. Among them, biomimetic treatments and the hierarchical structure of bone tissue are stimulated by creating a harmonic environment similar to the natural one for the events of osteogenesis [ 1 , 5 , 35 , 45 , 52 ].…”

“…There are several techniques currently available, such as direct laser fabrication (DLF), electron beam melting (EBM), and selective laser melting (SLM). In some techniques, the porosity and mechanical strength of the structure can be controlled by adjusting parameters such as the orientation angle, layer height, melting temperature, printing speed, powder particle morphology, and energy flow [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Comparison of the Classic and Hybrid Production Methods with the Use of SLM Taking into Account the Aspects of Sustainable Production Development

“…To do this, businesses need to make important decisions. A tool helpful in making decisions related to production planning can be a simulation model [2,3,4] which, based on real data from the process, allows for the verification of decisions before entering them into the real system [5,6].In the literature, you can find examples of modelling e-business processes [7,8] and the extension of models to supply chains [9], as well as descriptions of the benefits of using a new methodological approach to develop static and dynamic simulation models [10,11]. In [12] the simulation was used to test the real system model and see the results of the optimization of the production system in concrete conditions, which bring specific improvements in concrete case -increased pieces of final product, better utilization of production time and reduction of storage times to minimum.…”

Nanoscale Chemical Surface Analyses of Recycled Powder for Direct Metal Powder Bed Fusion Ti-6Al-4V Root Analog Dental Implant: An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

“…Although physical properties such as elastic modulus, hardness, and toughness strength are essential to bear mechanical stresses, from the biocompatibility standpoint, only the surface matters [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Especially for dental implants, the surface chemical composition plays a significant role in the overall success as it is liable to impact cell response [ 15 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Over the past decade, the chemical and mechanical properties of 3D-printed titanium objects [ 30 , 32 , 33 ] and titanium powders [ 20 , 34 ] have been broadly studied.…”

“…Especially for dental implants, the surface chemical composition plays a significant role in the overall success as it is liable to impact cell response [ 15 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Over the past decade, the chemical and mechanical properties of 3D-printed titanium objects [ 30 , 32 , 33 ] and titanium powders [ 20 , 34 ] have been broadly studied. However, a comparison of elemental composition between the first-time-used powder and PBF-processed particles is absent in the literature.…”