Analysis of the minimum activation period of batteries in frequency containment reserve

Abstract

The capacity of battery energy storage systems (BESS) to adjust power output swiftly and precisely makes them ideal for provision of frequency containment reserve (FCR), the fastest type of frequency control. Since BESS are only recent providers of FCR, there is uncertainty in the applicable requirements while regulation adapts to BESS. In this paper, the minimum activation period as an unresolved regulation issue is investigated. Therefore, two generic methods to calculate the resulting limits of the normal operation range are introduced (considering and not considering corrective power) and compared for a minimum activation period of 15 and 30 minutes. The operation of BESS providing FCR was simulated based on the two calculation methods for numerous system designs. Results of these simulations demonstrate the significance of the regulation on BESS operation and design. Shorter minimum activation period reduces required corrective energy and increase income potential from FCR significantly

Battery storage systems: An economic model-based analysis of parallel revenue streams and general implications for industry

“…describes the mean daily peak load in MW over the period of one year, see equation (29). , is the mean production load over 15 minutes in MW and n is the number of 15-minute time periods in one day.…”

Fast Frequency Response with BESS: A Comparative Analysis of Germany, Great Britain and Sweden

“…Therefore, 1 MW is allocated for FCR provision while 0.25 MW are reserved for corrective measures. A minimum activation period of 15 minutes is chosen for PCR since a larger value can drastically affect the potential of BESS as providers of frequency response services, as shown in a previous publication [13].…”

A Three-Stage Stochastic Peer-to-Peer Market Clearing Model with Real-Time Reserve Activation

“…Real-time markets are becoming more and more relevant to deal with very short term imbalance, and three-stage market clearing models are outperforming two-stage representations of intraday and real-time markets [12], with the three stages representing day-ahead, intraday and real-time markets. Meanwhile, [13] concludes that batteries can increase participation in frequency containment reserve (FCR) markets significantly if the minimum duration of delivery is decreased to 15 minutes from today's 30 minutes, due to the relatively small energy content of batteries. Lack of energy content is also relevant in some cascaded hydropower systems, where reserve bids must respect the available energy content in hydro reservoirs [14].…”