Technical regulatory frameworks have a great influence in the operation and prospects for Battery Energy Storage Systems(BESS) as providers of fast frequency response. Following this premise, provision of fast frequency response with BESS in Germany, Great Britain and Sweden is analyzed for the products available in each country. An operation strategy, which dynamically utilizes degrees of freedom (DEGOF) found explicitly or implicitly in regulation, maintains the battery's state of charge (SoC) while also reducing cycling. The extent to which the operation strategy is beneficial for BESS prospects is limited by the adequacy of the technical regulatory framework and the available DEGOF. This strategy provides operational improvements for all products considered, with the largest improvement potentials seen for the products available in Great Britain (FFR and EFR).

The capacity of battery energy storage systems (BESS) to adjust power output swiftly and precisely makes them ideal for provision of frequency containment reserve (FCR), the fastest type of frequency control. Since BESS are only recent providers of FCR, there is uncertainty in the applicable requirements while regulation adapts to BESS. In this paper, the minimum activation period as an unresolved regulation issue is investigated. Therefore, two generic methods to calculate the resulting limits of the normal operation range are introduced (considering and not considering corrective power) and compared for a minimum activation period of 15 and 30 minutes. The operation of BESS providing FCR was simulated based on the two calculation methods for numerous system designs. Results of these simulations demonstrate the significance of the regulation on BESS operation and design. Shorter minimum activation period reduces required corrective energy and increase income potential from FCR significantly

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