Analysis of the shedding of three β‐herpesviruses in urine and saliva of children with renal disease

Abstract

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and 7 (HHV-7) are important pathogens in immunocompromised patients. To elucidate the kinetics of the three β-herpesviruses in saliva and urine samples were collected serially from children with renal diseases. Twenty children with renal diseases were enrolled in this study. A total of 240 saliva and urine samples were collected monthly from the patients over a 1-year period. Viral DNAs loads were measured by real-time PCR. In 10 CMV seropositive patients CMV DNA was detected rarely in saliva and CMV DNA load was lower than the other two β-herpesviruses DNA loads. All patients were seropositive for HHV-6B and the virus was detected frequently in saliva. Two of 20 patients were HHV-7 seronegative. High copies of viral DNA were detected continuously in saliva of the HHV-7 seropositive patients. Although neither CMV nor HHV-6B DNA load was different among the three renal diseases, HHV-7 DNA load was different among the diseases (P = 0.039). HHV-6B DNA loads were significantly higher in patients with immunosuppressive treatment compared to those without treatment (P = 0.013). Although CMV DNA was detected in urine samples collected from 5 of 10 CMV seropositive patients, HHV-6B and HHV-7 DNA were detected at relatively low frequencies in urine. No remarkable temporal associations between viral DNA excretion and proteinuria or immunosuppressive treatment were demonstrated. The pattern of viral DNA excretion in saliva and urine were different among the three viruses. No temporal correlation was observed between viral infection and renal diseases.

Quantitative analysis of human herpesvirus‐6 and human cytomegalovirus in blood and saliva from patients with acute leukemia

“…Concerning the differences between children and adults, this study evidenced a higher prevalence of HHV-6 DNA in the saliva samples from children than from adults. This is in accordance with a recent study where HHV-6 was detected frequently in the saliva samples from children with renal disease [Yamamoto et al, 2013]. However, HHV-6 was detected in 58% of the saliva samples from children with malignancy by the use of a nested PCR [Lyall and Cubie, 1995].…”

“…The results observed for HIV-infected patients and multiple sclerosis patients were lower with 38% of detection [Gautheret-Dejean et al, 1997] and similar, with 65% of detection, respectively [Höllsberg et al, 2005]. HHV-6 median load (11,950 copies/ml) was higher than that observed for healthy subjects (5,000 and 1,917 copies/ ml) [Cone et al, 1993;Miller et al, 2005] and was similar to that found in children with renal disease [Yamamoto et al, 2013].…”

“…Furthermore, a recent study has shown a rare HCMV DNA detection in saliva from HCMV seropositive children with renal disease (60%) [Yamamoto et al, ]. HCMV median load in the saliva samples was similar to that observed in HIV‐patients [Miller et al, ], and patients with renal disease [Yamamoto et al, ]. However, it was higher than that observed in healthy subjects [Miller et al, ].…”

Quantifying chelonid herpesvirus 5 in symptomatic and asymptomatic rehabilitating green sea turtles

“…Using qPCR, viral DN A kinetics can be evaluated and compared for symptomatic and asymptomatic infected turtles, helping to predict disease outbreaks, explain differences in disease states, and improve transmission risk management (e.g. Yamamoto et al 2014).…”

Salivary Diagnostics in Pediatrics: Applicability, Translatability, and Limitations

“…Upper respiratory infections, such as the influenza virus and human bocavirus HboV-1, a mild respiratory disease, can be detected in the saliva up to 1 year after primary infection (87, 88). In addition, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus, human herpes virus (HHV) 6, and HHV7 can all be detected in human saliva (89–91). CMV, the most common cause of congenital hearing loss in children in developed countries (92), was one of the first viruses to be successfully detected through salivary analysis in the newborn (93).…”