Hazelnut, a very important cash crop in Turkey, is frequently colonized by bark and ambrosia beetle species (Scolytinae). Some scolytine species may cause economic damage while other species do not; therefore, proper identification is important in orchard management. Extensive sampling demonstrated that the most common pest species in Turkey’s hazelnut orchards are Anisandrus
dispar, Xylosandrus
germanus, and Xyleborinus
saxesenii. Hypothenemus
eruditus can also be common, but only colonizes branches that are already dead. Lymantor
coryli, Hypoborus
ficus, Taphrorychus
ramicola, and Taphrorychus
hirtellus are rare and do not causes damage to live plants. Xyleborinus
saxesenii appears to have been frequently misidentified and misreported as either L.
coryli or Xyleborus
xylographus. The former is rare, and the latter probably does not occur in Turkey. To avoid future misidentifications, a dichotomous identification key is provided for bark and ambrosia beetles of hazelnut orchards in Turkey.