Analysis of three wheeled electric vehicle with increased stability on the road

Spanu, Alina; Stoenescu, Florin; Lorenzi, M.; Avram, Mihai

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/444/4/042010

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…That is, the presented strategy, like most active safety vehicular systems, is a driving assistance, and it is currently physically impossible to avoid the rollover in every scenario, implying that differential braking is insufficient to prevent the rollover As can be observed, the controlled vehicle's response to yaw rate and sideslip angle can track their desired values of Eqs. 24, 25, longitudinal speed decreased as showed in Figure 13 and the absolute values of roll over index do not exceed the unit (Spanu et al, 2018).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Design of a rollover index-based sliding mode controller for roll stability of three wheeled vehicles using rear differential braking

Ketemaw

Seid

2022

Front. Mech. Eng.

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Urban vehicles (like tricycle and bicycle vehicle) are made to handle issues with traffic, air pollution, energy use, and parking restrictions in big cities. However, they are more susceptible to rollovers and stability problems because they are smaller and narrower than normal cars. Now a day, Vehicle manufacturers place a lot of emphasis on the dynamic stability of their products. As a result, develop dynamic model to predict and detect the risk of rollover and designing a controller to reduce it in a delta type configuration of tricycle vehicle is the major concern of this paper. On the basis of a two degree of freedom (2-DOF) bicycle model, develop rollover dynamics, and design state observer for sideslip angle, sliding mode and fuzzy logic controller are the major concern of this paper. The suggested rollover index (RI) accuracy has been evaluated by simulation using a high-fidelity CarSim. The performance analysis to determine the effectiveness of thus proposed controller is conducted using MATLAB/Simulink integrated with the Carsim software. Simulation results with three scenarios are shown with and without the control system. The outcome of the simulation demonstrated that fuzzy sliding mode controller (FSMC) and a fuzzy logic controller can reduces the chance of a vehicle rolling over accident.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Design of a rollover index-based sliding mode controller for roll stability of three wheeled vehicles using rear differential braking

Ketemaw

Seid

2022

Front. Mech. Eng.

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“…Additionally, the vehicle frame of the proposed mechanism is tubular with a circular cross-section, while the E3-kolka features a shaped profile. In the study [10], a delta-configured three-wheeled vehicle is discussed; however, the proposed mechanism does not allow for the articulated movement of the steered wheel, like the E3-kolka. Moreover, the study does not provide calculations or information regarding the required steering force on the steering wheel.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After analyzing the current state, it can be concluded that even the closest design solutions differ significantly from the E3-kolka. For example, in a study by Spânu et al [10], a design of a three-wheeled vehicle with a centrally located articulated joint was presented. Another contribution to the stability study is found in the research presented in the article [11], where the authors proposed a general integrated reconfigurable vehicle model applicable to both four-wheeled and three-wheeled vehicles (Tadpole, Delta).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilizing Dynamic Analysis in the Complex Design of an Unconventional Three-Wheeled Vehicle with Enhancing Cornering Safety

Blatnický,

Dižo,

Sága

et al. 2023

Machines

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Current trends in the transportation industry prioritize competitive rivalry, compelling manufacturers to prioritize concepts such as quality and reliability. These concepts are closely associated with public expectations of safety, vehicle lifespan, and trouble-free operation. However, the public must recognize that a vehicle weighing several hundred kilograms, moving at a non-zero speed, only contacts the road surface through a few points (depending on the number of wheels), each no larger than a human palm. Therefore, it is imperative to operate the vehicle in a manner that optimizes the behavior of these contact points. There are situations where drivers find themselves requiring dynamic vehicle handling, often unpredictable with a high degree of uncertainty. Rapid changes in direction become necessary in these cases. Such maneuvers can pose a significant risk of rollover for three-wheeled vehicles. Hence, the vehicle itself should contribute to increased ride safety. This paper presents key findings from the development of an unconventional three-wheeled vehicle utilizing the delta arrangement. Rollover safety for three-wheeled vehicles is currently well-managed, thanks to the utilization of electronic or mechatronic systems in delta-type vehicles to enhance stability. However, these systems require additional components. In contrast, the proposed control system operates solely on a mechanical principle, eliminating operational costs, energy consumption, maintenance expenses, and similar factors. The study also explores the absence of equivalent suspension and steering systems for front-wheel steering. Such designs are lacking in both practical applications and theoretical realms. Analytical and simulation calculations are compared in this study, highlighting the effectiveness of the newly proposed control system in enhancing stability and safety compared to conventional front-wheel suspension systems. Simulation programs provide more realistic results than analytical calculations due to their ability to account for dynamic effects on vehicle components and passengers, which is practically unfeasible in analytical approaches. Furthermore, this study focuses on investigating the fatigue life of material frames subjected to dynamic loading, which is a crucial aspect of ensuring safety. It is essential to have various testing devices to examine the fatigue life of materials under both uniaxial and multiaxial loading conditions. However, obtaining experimental results for fatigue life measurements of specific materials, which can be directly applied to one’s research, poses significant challenges. Hence, the proposed testing device plays a vital role in measuring material fatigue life and advancing the development of unconventional transportation methods. The information about the original testing device aligns perfectly with the article’s emphasis on dynamic analysis. The ultimate objective of all these efforts is to put the vehicle into practical operation for commercial utilization.

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“…Research into vehicle stability is also investigated and presented in [41]. The authors carried out an extensive analysis in order to compare the advantages of other authors' mechanisms [42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. The paper [42] discussed the mathematical modeling of a tricycle, namely the E3-cycle, with the possibility of rotating the front wheel around the vertical axis of the vehicle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors carried out an extensive analysis in order to compare the advantages of other authors' mechanisms [42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. The paper [42] discussed the mathematical modeling of a tricycle, namely the E3-cycle, with the possibility of rotating the front wheel around the vertical axis of the vehicle. Accordingly, the authors attributed to this motion the expected improvement in riding characteristics based on a combination of the advantages of two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Analysis of a Tricycle Structure with a Steering System for Improvement of Driving Properties While Cornering

Blatnický¹,

Dižo²,

Molnár³

et al. 2022

Materials

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This paper focuses on the development, theoretical and experimental research on the structural units of an unconventional three-wheeled vehicle. The vehicle is designed in order to increase the stability when cornering in a low curvature radius. Current research work describes solutions to increase the cornering stability of either conventional three-wheeled vehicles or, more rarely, unconventional vehicles designed on the basis of complex wheel-tilting mechatronics. Thus, there is a gap in research in respect of consideration of a stability-enhancing mechanism for three-wheeled vehicles based on a combination of tilting and deflection of the front steered wheel in the course of cornering. This paper then compares the stability of a three-wheeled vehicle with one steered wheel in front and two wheels in the rear (1F2R) in conventional and unconventional designs. A particular linear formula for the stability of the three-wheeled vehicle in cornering is derived. This study further deals with the design of the frame intended to hold the unconventional steering mechanism of the front wheel of the vehicle, on the one hand, from the theoretical integrity point of view using CAD-, FEM- and MBS-based software and, on the other hand, from the experimental point of view by determining the multiaxial fatigue life of the test specimens. These were made from the frame structural material and loaded with an equivalent load (bending-torsion) corresponding to the real load of the frame in operation. It was discovered that the designed patented front wheel steering mechanism increased the passing speed by 19% in comparison with a conventional vehicle at the minimum possible radius of a corner. The designed vehicle meets the safety conditions in terms of frame integrity and load-bearing capacity. The vehicle frame is designed with respect to the fatigue life of the material, the results of which are presented in the work. The material employed for manufacturing the frame is aluminum alloy type EN AW6063, which makes the frame lightweight and strong.

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Analysis of three wheeled electric vehicle with increased stability on the road

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

Design of a rollover index-based sliding mode controller for roll stability of three wheeled vehicles using rear differential braking

Design of a rollover index-based sliding mode controller for roll stability of three wheeled vehicles using rear differential braking

Utilizing Dynamic Analysis in the Complex Design of an Unconventional Three-Wheeled Vehicle with Enhancing Cornering Safety

Comprehensive Analysis of a Tricycle Structure with a Steering System for Improvement of Driving Properties While Cornering

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