Analysis of time-wasting in English Premier League football matches: Evidence for unethical behavior in final minutes of close contests

Morgulev, Elia; Galily, Yair

doi:10.1016/j.socec.2019.05.003

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…This may be because game stoppages are used as a tactical instrument to waste time (1). For example, leading teams spend almost twice more time in goal kicks or free kicks after offside during the final minutes of matches when there is a tight score line (20), implying that match-related contextual variables should also be considered. For instance, if the match is already decided in the second half since one of the teams leads with a difference equal to or greater than 2 goals, the match running performance and frequency of technical activity of the players may decrease and, thus, also affect effective activity time (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Microtechnology and the Fourier Transform for the Analysis of Effective Activity Time in Professional Soccer

Oliva-Lozano,

Chmura,

Granero-Gil

et al. 2023

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Oliva-Lozano, JM, Chmura, P, Granero-Gil, P, and Muyor, JM. Using microtechnology and the Fourier Transform for the analysis of effective activity time in professional soccer. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2023—This study aimed to investigate the use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for the analysis of effective activity time in professional soccer by (a) exploring the relationship between this variable and standard external load parameters and (b) analyzing the effective activity time during official professional soccer matches. Twenty-six male players participated in the study. Each player was categorized as midfielder, central defender, full-back, wide-midfielder, or forward. Tracking systems based on inertial sensors (4 3D accelerometers, 3 3D gyroscopes, and 1 magnetometer), and global positioning systems technology were used to collect external load measures for 35 matches. Each match was analyzed considering 15-minute periods to explore the evolution of effective activity time during the matches. The extra time from each match was also included. Fast Fourier transform duration may be a representative variable of effective activity time, given the strong positive correlation with the external load variables (p < 0.001). The linear regression analysis showed that the variables that significantly contributed to the model (R 2 = 0.97) were the total of steps and the distance covered. The mean effective activity time in soccer match play was ∼48.69 minutes. This time significantly changed depending on factors such as the period of the match (F = 239.05; p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.60) or playing position (F = 16.99; p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.06). The greatest effective activity time was observed for all playing positions in the 0′–15′ period. However, the 60′–75′ period showed the lowest effective activity times compared with the rest of the 15-minute periods for all positions except for forwards (75′–90′). From a practical standpoint, sports performance practitioners may consider these results to improve the individualization of training and match demands. Also, a more accurate indicator of exercise intensity may be obtained (e.g., multiplying the rating of perceived exertion by the effective activity time).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Microtechnology and the Fourier Transform for the Analysis of Effective Activity Time in Professional Soccer

Oliva-Lozano,

Chmura,

Granero-Gil

et al. 2023

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…There is also research devoted to the development of sports datasets, such as Nesseler et al developed datasets for analyzing discrimination in amateur football [7]. Regarding the ethical issues caused by wasting time on the court, scholars also used hierarchical regression and twoway ANOVA to analyze them [8]. There are other studies devoted to descriptive statistics of game time [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical analysis for the influencing factors on average score of players in football matches

Dai

2023

Second International Conference on Statistics, Applied Mathematics, and Computing Science (CSAMCS 2022)

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In recent years, by using of data science to explore patterns and knowledge in football games has become a hot research topic. However, most studies still use black-box machine learning methods to classify and predict the data generally, and the analysis of its specific influencing factors is not comprehensive. Even if the influence of each variable on the game results is considered, it is mainly analyzed from the perspective of the strength of their respective influences, and the discussion of the interaction between them is still insufficient. Therefore, this paper uses 126,947 football match data to explore which factors have a significant impact on football scores and how they interact by combining multivariate analysis of variance and descriptive statistics. The experimental results show that height and player position are the main factors affecting the average score of the game. The main effect and interaction effect between them are tested and displayed for better decisions.

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“…A recent study shows that there is a decline in effective playing time throughout a match, from 66.3% of the total playing time in the first 15 minutes to 55% in the final 15 minutes of a match (19). This may be due to the fact that leading teams during the final minutes of matches when scores are close spend almost twice more time tacking goal kicks and free kicks after offside (24). Game stoppages are used as a tactical instrument to kill time (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elite Soccer Players Do Not Cover Less Distance in the Second Half of the Matches When Game Interruptions Are Considered

Rey

Kalén

Lorenzo-Martínez

et al. 2020

Journal of Strength &Amp; Conditioning Research

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Pen ˜as, C. Elite soccer players do not cover less distance in the second half of the matches when game interruptions are considered. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 709-713, 2024-This study aimed to analyze quantitative differences in the physical demands of male elite soccer players between the first and second halves during official matches, accounting for effective playing time (the duration of play after subtracting the game interruptions) and playing positions. A total of 4,249 individual match observations of 412 outfield players competing in the Spanish first division league (LaLiga) were undertaken during the 2018-2019 season, using a computerized tracking system (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, NY). The players were classified into 5 positional roles: central defenders (CD), external defenders (ED), central midfielders (CM), external midfielders (EM), and forwards (F). The main results showed that in contrast to those observed when total playing time was considered, independent of playing position, there were no significant differences on high-speed running (HSR) (5.5 6 2.4 vs. 5.5 6 2.4 m•min 21 ) and sprint (5.3 6 3.3 vs. 5.4 6 3.3 m•min 21 ) distances between the first and second halves in professional soccer players when the effective playing time was considered. However, differences in match running performance at HSR and sprint distances between the first and second halves were dependent on players' playing position. Whereas ED and EM maintained HSR and sprint efforts during the second half, CD and CM significantly increased (p , 0.001) the distance covered at sprint during the second period of the match. Contrarily, F were unable to maintain their HSR (6.2 6 2.3 vs. 5.9 6 3.3 m•min 21 ) and sprint (7.0 6 3.5 vs. 6.5 6 3.4 m•min 21 ) match running performances during the second half. Such findings demonstrate that total playing time could overestimate fatigue-induced performance declines. Thus, effective playing time and playing position should be taken into account when interpreting the match running performance of professional soccer players.

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Analysis of time-wasting in English Premier League football matches: Evidence for unethical behavior in final minutes of close contests

Cited by 8 publications

References 39 publications

Using Microtechnology and the Fourier Transform for the Analysis of Effective Activity Time in Professional Soccer

Using Microtechnology and the Fourier Transform for the Analysis of Effective Activity Time in Professional Soccer

Statistical analysis for the influencing factors on average score of players in football matches

Elite Soccer Players Do Not Cover Less Distance in the Second Half of the Matches When Game Interruptions Are Considered

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