Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii clonal type-specific antibody reactions in experimentally infected turkeys and chickens

Maksimov, Pavlo; Basso, Walter; Zerweck, Johannes; Schutkowski, Mike; Reimer, Ulf; Максимов, А. Ю.; Conraths, Franz Josef; Schares, Gereon

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.04.004

Cited by 10 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…To develop a rapid, sensitive and non-invasive method of identifying strain type, serotyping has been shown to provide a promising alternative to the not always possible, difficult and often risky biopsy-based DNA methods (Kong et al, 2003; Vaudaux et al, 2010). Indeed, several studies have employed synthetic peptides or recombinant polypeptides from polymorphic regions to serologically predict the clonal type of T. gondii responsible for the infection, showing that in hosts such as cats, mice, chickens, turkeys, pigs, sheep, or humans it is possible to reliably distinguish type 2 from non-type 2 infections (Kong et al, 2003; Peyron et al, 2006; Morisset et al, 2008; Sousa et al, 2009, 2010; Xiao et al, 2009; Vaudaux et al, 2010; Maksimov et al, 2012a,b, 2018; McLeod et al, 2012; Hutson et al, 2015). In addition, some studies attempted to develop peptides able to differentiate type 1 vs. 3 and type 2 vs. 3 infections with partial success (Xiao et al, 2009; Maksimov et al, 2012a, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By coating ELISA plates, nitrocellulose membranes, or glass slides with these polymorphic peptides and monitoring the reactivity of the serum, a prediction of the infecting strain type can be made. Several studies have demonstrated the usefulness of such tests in different species (Kong et al, 2003; Nowakowska et al, 2006; Peyron et al, 2006; Morisset et al, 2008; Vaudaux et al, 2010; Maksimov et al, 2012a,b, 2013, 2018; McLeod et al, 2012; Shobab et al, 2013). However, although some attempts have been made to differentiate the three archetypal strains (type 1, 2, and 3), unfortunately, at the moment these methods can only reliably distinguish type 2 from non-type 2 strains, typically type 1 or 3 (Kong et al, 2003; Sousa et al, 2009; Xiao et al, 2009; Maksimov et al, 2012b, 2018; McLeod et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Infection Using Peptide Membrane Arrays

Arranz-Solís

Cordeiro

Young

et al. 2019

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii can cause chronic infections in most warm-blooded animals, including humans. In the USA, strains belonging to four different Toxoplasma clonal lineages (types 1, 2, 3, and 12) are commonly isolated, whereas strains not belonging to these lineages are predominant in other continents such as South America. Strain type plays a pivotal role in determining the severity of Toxoplasma infection. Therefore, it is epidemiologically relevant to develop a non-invasive and inexpensive method for determining the strain type in Toxoplasma infections and to correlate the genotype with disease outcome. Serological typing is based on the fact that many host antibodies are raised against immunodominant parasite proteins that are highly polymorphic between strains. However, current serological assays can only reliably distinguish type 2 from non-type 2 infections. To improve these assays, mouse, rabbit, and human infection serum were reacted against 950 peptides from 62 different polymorphic Toxoplasma proteins by using cellulose membrane peptide arrays. This allowed us to identify the most antigenic peptides and to pinpoint the most relevant polymorphisms that determine strain specificity. Our results confirm the utility of previously described peptides and identify novel peptides that improve and increase the specificity of the assay. In addition, a large number of novel proteins showed potential to be used for Toxoplasma diagnosis. Among these, peptides derived from several rhoptry, dense granule, and surface proteins represented promising candidates that may be used in future experiments to improve Toxoplasma serotyping. Moreover, a redesigned version of the published GRA7 typing peptide performed better and specifically distinguished type 3 from non-type 3 infections in sera from mice, rabbits, and humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Infection Using Peptide Membrane Arrays

Arranz-Solís

Cordeiro

Young

et al. 2019

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Turkeys are considered resistant to clinical toxoplasmosis and there were no reports of clinical toxoplasmosis since 2009. Experimentally, turkeys inoculated intravenously with T. gondii tachyzoites or oocysts orally remained healthy, irrespective of the dose (Bangoura et al , 2013; Zöller et al , 2013; Hotop et al , 2014; Maksimov et al , 2018). A kinetic ELISA was developed based on a mixture of recombinant dense granule antigens GRA7 and GRA8 using sera from turkeys inoculated intravenously with Me49 tachyzoites; SAG1 antigen was not suitable in this ELISA using recombinant SAG1 (Koethe et al , 2011).…”

Section: Turkeys (Meleagris Gallopavo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in turkeys, ducks, ratites and other wild birds: 2009–2020

et al. 2020

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Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Wild and domestic avian species are important in the epidemiology of T. gondii infections because felids prey on them and excrete millions of oocysts in the environment, disseminating the infection. Herbivorous birds are also excellent sentinels of environmental contamination with T. gondii oocysts because they feed on the ground. Toxoplasma gondii infections in birds of prey reflect infections in intermediate hosts. Humans can become infected by consuming undercooked avian tissues. Here, the authors reviewed prevalence, persistence of infection, clinical disease, epidemiology and genetic diversity of T. gondii strains isolated from turkeys, geese, ducks, ratites and avian species (excluding chickens) worldwide 2009–2020. Genetic diversity of 102 T. gondii DNA samples isolated worldwide is discussed. The role of migratory birds in dissemination of T. gondii infection is discussed.

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“…The lack of reactivity may be due to several reasons, among them a decay in antibody levels during the chronic phase. In this regard, Maksimov et al (2018) showed a good response to peptides in recent infections in turkeys and chickens experimentally infected with tachyzoites, which decreases and even becomes negative after 9 weeks. For this reason, we analyzed the correlation between IgG antibody avidity and the RI against each peptide and observed a negative relation; that is, the greater the avidity or chronicity, the lower the RI; thus, our results support that serotyping must be performed during the acute phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Partial agreement between the genotype and the serotype with the GRA6 “Wo” peptides further supports these strategies. Serotyping efficacy may also be increased considering aspects such as the chronicity of the infection (avidity of antibodies) and the use of additional proteins related to virulence (Sánchez et al, 2014; Maksimov et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing New Peptides From Toxoplasma gondii SAG1, GRA6, and GRA7 for Serotyping: Better Definition Using GRA6 in Mother/Newborns Pairs With Risk of Congenital Transmission in Mexico

Xicoténcatl-García

Enríquez-Flores

Correa

2019

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Toxoplasma gondii variant influences clinical profile in human congenital and ocular toxoplasmosis. Parasite genotyping represents a challenge due to insufficient amount of genetic material of the protozoan in the host samples, and isolates are hard to obtain, especially from pediatric patients. An alternative is serotyping, which is based on the presence of specific antibodies against polymorphic proteins related to virulence; the more widely used are GRA6 and GRA7, but most works report cross reactions among the classical strains (I, II, and III). We designed new peptides of GRA6, GRA7, and SAG1 proteins, with more SNPs among the three clonal strains than those previously designed. This was done by identifying BcR and polymorphic epitopes by means of bioinformatics; then we designed peptides with linkers joining the specific regions and predicted their 3D structure. With the commercial molecules synthesized on the basis of these designs, we tested 86 serum samples from 42 mother/newborn pairs and two congenitally infected newborns, by indirect ELISA. We implemented a strategy to determine the serotype based on scatter plots and a mathematical formula, using ratios among reactivity indexes to peptides. We found low frequency of samples reactive to GRA7 and SAG1, and cross reactions between GRA6 serotypes I and III; we modified these later peptides and largely improved distinction among the three clonal strains. The chronicity of the infection negatively affected the reactivity index against the peptides. Serotyping both members of the mother/child pair improves the test, i.e., among 26% of them only one member was positive. Serotype I was the most frequent (38%), which was congruent with previous genotyping results in animals and humans of the same area. This serotype was significantly more frequent among mothers who transmitted the infection to their offspring than among those who did not (53 vs. 8%, p = 0.04) and related to disease dissemination in congenitally infected children, although non-significantly. In conclusion, serotyping using the improved GRA6 peptide triad is useful to serotype T. gondii in humans and could be implemented for clinical management and epidemiological studies, to provide information on the parasite type in specific areas.

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Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii clonal type-specific antibody reactions in experimentally infected turkeys and chickens

Cited by 10 publications

References 49 publications

Serotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Infection Using Peptide Membrane Arrays

Serotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Infection Using Peptide Membrane Arrays

Epidemiologic significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in turkeys, ducks, ratites and other wild birds: 2009–2020

Testing New Peptides From Toxoplasma gondii SAG1, GRA6, and GRA7 for Serotyping: Better Definition Using GRA6 in Mother/Newborns Pairs With Risk of Congenital Transmission in Mexico

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