Analysis of Variations of Volterra Series Models for RF Power Amplifiers

Evolution of Black-Box Models Based on Volterra Series

“…This model presented the best performance among all BMs reported in the literature, in an extensive comparison presented in [6]. A timeline of publications related to the accuracy of VS models is presented in Figure 2, based on a search in the database of the IEEE Xplore.…”

“…This equation is linear in parameters and its coefficients can be found using linear regression methods such as least-squares (LS) [6]:…”

“…Further on, a comparison was presented in [6] using five different FOMs, namely, normalized mean square error (NMSE) [21], normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) [25], mean absolute error (MAE) [26], maximal absolute error (MaxAE) [27], and coefficient of efficiency ( ) [28]. Final results show a superior performance of the PssVS.…”

“…generation of subharmonics in response to any periodic input (SHAM), (6) highly irregular responses to simple inputs like impulses, steps, or sinusoids (CHAOS), (…”

FPGA-based test bed for measurement of AM/AM and AM/PM distortion and modeling memory effects in RF PAs

“…These conditions necessitate the modeling of the memory effects added by the PA. For instance, several kinds of behavioral modeling approaches have been explored, such as memory and memoryless models [1,2], polynomial models [3], and neural networks [4,5]. Other models are classic Volterra series [6][7][8] or variations of Volterra series models [9] that provide a proper method of modeling the nonlinear order and memory effects. Ref.…”