Contributions of Sigmund Freud and Rene Spitz to developmental psychology are presented in terms of today's research. The work of each of these pioneers draws our attention to the need for increasing our knowledge about the meaning of individual experience and increasing complexity in the course of development. Freud's contribution to today's developmental thinking is reviewed in terms of his observations of play, his schematic perspectives on developmental processes, and his innovative theoretical approaches involving nonconscious mental activity in the context of constructivism. Spitz's contribution to today's thinking is reviewed according to a similar array of topics. These include his observational assessments of infants, his schematic perspectives on developmental processes, and his innovative theoretical approaches involving affective communications in the context of caregiving.This article highlights contributions of two psychoanalytic pioneers-Sigmund Freud and Rene Spitz (1887-1974)-to developmental psychology. Although more than a generation apart, their lives crossed in a way that left the younger man feeling a deep sense of intellectual continuity with the investigative spirit of his predecessor. Freud is known as the founder of psychoanalysis, but today's reader may find surprise in the extent to which his contributions frame a good deal of our contemporary developmental thinking. Spitz, closer to our time, applied Freud's approaches to observations and on-thespot experiments with infants. His contributions are more accessible to us, and, because they are more recent, they may be more difficult to evaluate in historical perspective. We concentrate mostly on Freud, therefore, and the contributions of Spitz are discussed in the concluding part of the article.Freudian insights having to do with play, a Darwinian approach to individual ontogeny, nonconscious mental activity, and constructivism are highlighted. Spitzian insights are highlighted having to do with the importance of infant observation and assessment, developmental transitions, and processes of affective communication will be highlighted. A theme of the article is that both contributors gave central importance to understanding individual meaning. Both also addressed the challenges of understanding increasing developmental complexity, although neither acknowledged the challenge in these terms. The latter consideration frames a portrayal of the limitations of the ideas of each from our contemporary perspective. A final