Analytical model for real time, noninvasive estimation of blood glucose level

Abstract

The paper presents an analytical model to estimate blood glucose level from measurements made non-invasively and in real time by an antenna strapped to a patient's wrist. Some promising success has been shown by the RIT ETA Lab research group that an antenna's resonant frequency can track, in real time, changes in glucose concentration. Based on an in-vitro study of blood samples of diabetic patients, the paper presents a modified Cole-Cole model that incorporates a factor to represent the change in glucose level. A calibration technique using the input impedance technique is discussed and the results show a good estimation as compared to the glucose meter readings. An alternate calibration methodology has been developed that is based on the shift in the antenna resonant frequency using an equivalent circuit model containing a shunt capacitor to represent the shift in resonant frequency with changing glucose levels. Work under progress is the optimization of the technique with a larger sample of patients.

A Microwave Metamaterial Inspired Sensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring

“…In [27,28], it was shown that glucose influences the dielectric properties of blood significantly, but a mathematical model was not published. To the authors' best knowledge, the only papers that have published the mathematical model of dielectric properties of bloodglucose solutions are [29,30]. In [13], the authors measured the dielectric properties of blood-glucose solutions but their mathematical model was not published.…”

Feasibility Evaluation of Metamaterial Microwave Sensors for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring

“…In the next phase of research, liquid phantoms will be replaced by blood samples with known glycemia and dielectric parameters. At that point in the research, it will be possible to link the results of MTM sensor measurements to specific glycemic values indicated by the validated assay and to expand knowledge about practically achievable accuracy and resolution of the proposed MTM sensor [ 15 , 34 , 43 ].…”

“…The raw mixture of the aforementioned components is then placed in an ultrasound bath for three minutes for degassing and homogenization. According to the mathematical model from [ 34 ] we calculated the values of blood dielectric parameters for various blood glucose concentrations shown in Table 1 . Across this typical range of blood glucose concentrations and corresponding dielectric properties, the required sensor measurement sensitivity remains unchanged: to detect changes of one unit in relative permittivity and 0.1 S/m in electrical conductivity.…”

Study of Two Constraints Impacting Measurements of Human Glycemia Using a Microwave Sensor

“…Therefore, it is very important to take effective measures to monitor and control diabetes and its complications. For this purpose, several studies on the development of noninvasive blood glucose sensors have been conducted; there are several different methods that have been exploited, such as ultrasound method [ 2 , 3 ], optical techniques [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], thermal methods [ 9 ], and electromagnetic (EM) methods [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], which emerged after some experimental results that demonstrated the correlation between dielectric parameters and blood glucose concentration [ 15 ].…”

“…Other works related to an EM method have emerged after some experimental results demonstrated the correlation between dielectric parameters and blood glucose concentration [ 10 ]. Some primary research was carried out in 2005 using an EM sensor based on eddy currents; then, extensive studies on the EM method appeared [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 23 ].…”