Analytical model of SiPM time resolution and order statistics with crosstalk

Vinogradov, Sergey

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2014.12.010

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…It is based on consideration of a signal as a sequence of point events (photons, electrons) of negligible time duration represented by Dirac delta functions convolved with instrumental response function (SER) of a detector of random amplitudes (marks) and fixed temporal profile h ser (t). Recently this approach has been applied to SiPM time resolution models with more or less pronounced focus on specifics of the SiPM operations [25], [26], [27]. Point process event is specified by probability of the event in a given time t, and probability to initiate instrumental response (to detect photon, to trigger an avalanche) ρ det (t) is defined by convolution of corresponding probability density functions (PDF) of photon arrival ρ ph (t), primary triggering ρ sptr (t) (equal to PDF of single photon time resolution histogram), and correlated triggering ρ corr (t) due to crosstalk and afterpulsing: …”

Section: Filtered Marked Point Process Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfomance of Silicon Photomultipliers in photon number and time resolution

Vinogradov¹

2016

Proceedings of International Conference on New Photo-Detectors — PoS(PhotoDet2015)

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Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are a novel generation of photon detectors designed as an array of independently operated Geiger-mode APDs (pixels) with common output. SiPM provides proportional detection of low-level light pulses starting from single photons with remarkable photon number and time resolution at room temperature. Now they are worldwide recognized to be competitive with vacuum photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and avalanche photodiodes (APDs) for scintillation and Cherenkov light detections in such areas as particle physics and nuclear medicine. Well-known specific drawbacks of SiPMs are excess noises caused by stochastic processes of crosstalk and afterpulsing as well as non-linearity and saturation of SiPM response to intense light pulses due to limited number of pixels and noninstant pixel recovery.This study presents an analysis of SiPM performance based on probability distributions of the key stochastic processes affecting SiPM response: photo-conversion, dark generation, avalanche multiplication, crosstalk and afterpulsing, non-linearity and saturation losses. SiPM performance in photon number (energy) resolution is represented in terms of specific excess noise factors of these processes identified as comparable metrics of their contributions. SiPM time resolution is shown to be defined by photon number resolution and by temporal profiles of photon arrival and photon detection time distributions, and a single electron response.Analytical results of this approach are applied to compare a performance of the modern SiPMs with each other and with conventional PMTs and APDs in typical scintillation and Cherenkov detection applications. The results also seem to be useful for SiPM characterization, selection, and application-specific optimization as well as for SiPM design improvements.

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Section: Filtered Marked Point Process Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfomance of Silicon Photomultipliers in photon number and time resolution

Vinogradov¹

2016

Proceedings of International Conference on New Photo-Detectors — PoS(PhotoDet2015)

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“…The above conclusions have been reached with a strongly simplified model, neglecting afterpulsing and crosstalk [39], which have to be taken into account for counting rates that are higher than the present one. Also, it should be noted that contributions by diffuse light [36] have been neglected here.…”

Section: Monte Carlo Simulations Of Light Propagation and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Silicon photomultiplier readout of a monolithic 270×5×5 cm 3 plastic scintillator bar for time of flight applications

Reinhardt

Gohl

Reinicke

et al. 2016

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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The detection of 200-1000 MeV neutrons requires large amounts, ∼100 cm, of detector material because of the long nuclear interaction length of these particles. In the example of the NeuLAND neutron time-of-flight detector at FAIR, this is accomplished by using 3000 monolithic scintillator bars of 270×5×5 cm 3 size made of a fast plastic. Each bar is read out on the two long ends, and the needed time resolution of σ t < 150 ps is reached with fast timing photomultipliers. In the present work, it is investigated whether silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) photosensors can be used instead. Experiments with a picosecond laser system were conducted to determine the timing response of the assembly made up of SiPM and preamplifier. The response of the full system including also the scintillator was studied using 30 MeV single electrons provided by the ELBE superconducting electron linac. The ELBE data were matched by a simple Monte Carlo simulation, and they were found to obey an inverse-square-root scaling law. In the electron beam tests, a time resolution of σ t = 136 ps was reached with a pure SiPM readout, well within the design parameters for NeuLAND.

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“…Yet another assumption is that each primary trigger may give rise to a single crosstalk event only. This could be a limitation in some cases, although the timing deterioration due to the crosstalk pulses generated by scintillation photons is often found to be small (Seifert et al 2012c, Vinogradov 2015. In addition, ( ) p t t ct was assumed to be proportional with the primary discharge current in the original formulation by Seifert et al (2012c), which is consistent with the recent definition of 'prompt' (or direct) optical crosstalk by .…”

Section: T Pdmentioning

confidence: 91%

Physics and technology of time-of-flight PET detectors

Schaart

2021

Phys. Med. Biol.

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The imaging performance of clinical positron emission tomography (PET) systems has evolved impressively during the last ∼15 years. A main driver of these improvements has been the introduction of time-of-flight (TOF) detectors with high spatial resolution and detection efficiency, initially based on photomultiplier tubes, later silicon photomultipliers. This review aims to offer insight into the challenges encountered, solutions developed, and lessons learned during this period. Detectors based on fast, bright, inorganic scintillators form the scope of this work, as these are used in essentially all clinical TOF-PET systems today. The improvement of the coincidence resolving time (CRT) requires the optimization of the entire detection chain and a sound understanding of the physics involved facilitates this effort greatly. Therefore, the theory of scintillation detector timing is reviewed first. Once the fundamentals have been set forth, the principal detector components are discussed: the scintillator and the photosensor. The parameters that influence the CRT are examined and the history, state-of-the-art, and ongoing developments are reviewed. Finally, the interplay between these components and the optimization of the overall detector design are considered. Based on the knowledge gained to date, it appears feasible to improve the CRT from the values of 200-400 ps achieved by current state-of-the-art TOF-PET systems to about 100 ps or less, even though this may require the implementation of advanced methods such as time resolution recovery. At the same time, it appears unlikely that a system-level CRT in the order of ∼10 ps can be reached with conventional scintillation detectors. Such a CRT could eliminate the need for conventional tomographic image reconstruction and a search for new approaches to timestamp annihilation photons with ultra-high precision is therefore warranted. While the focus of this review is on timing performance, it attempts to approach the topic from a clinically driven perspective, i.e. bearing in mind that the ultimate goal is to optimize the value of PET in research and (personalized) medicine. Selected abbreviations and symbols BSR Backside readout C d Diode capacitance CFD Constant-fraction discriminator CRLB Cramér-Rao lower bound CRT Coincidence resolving time C q Parallel capacitance of quench resistor DCR Dark count rate DOI Depth of interaction dSiPM Digital silicon photomultiplier DSR Dual-sided readout

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Analytical model of SiPM time resolution and order statistics with crosstalk

Cited by 16 publications

References 18 publications

Perfomance of Silicon Photomultipliers in photon number and time resolution

Perfomance of Silicon Photomultipliers in photon number and time resolution

Silicon photomultiplier readout of a monolithic 270×5×5 cm 3 plastic scintillator bar for time of flight applications

Physics and technology of time-of-flight PET detectors

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