Analyzing present and future availability of critical high-tech minerals in waste cellphones: A case study of India

He, Pengwei; Hu, Guangji; Wang, Chang; Hewage, Kasun; Sadiq, Rehan; Feng, Haibo

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.001

Cited by 24 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Mobile phones (or Cell phones) contain a number of critical metals including PGMs. Pd is used in mobile phones at the rate of 15 tonnes/billion mobile phones [72] or 0.009 to 0.015 g/unit [42]. Although Tan et al [73] reported that they did not detect Pd in their study.…”

Section: Electronics and Electricalmentioning

confidence: 81%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Platinum Group Metals: A Review of Resources, Production and Usage with a Focus on Catalysts

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The major applications of PGMs are as catalysts in automotive industry, petroleum refining, environmental (gas remediation), industrial chemical production (e.g., ammonia production, fine chemicals), electronics, and medical fields. As the next generation energy technologies for hydrogen production, such as electrolysers and fuel cells for stationary and transport applications, become mature, the demand for PGMs is expected to further increase. Reserves and annual production of Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt have been determined and reported. Based on currently available resources, there is around 200 years lifetime based on current demand for all PGMs, apart from Pd, which may be closer to 100 years. Annual primary production of 190 t/a for Pt and 217 t/a for Pd, in combination with recycling of 65.4 t/a for Pt and 97.2 t/a for Pd, satisfies current demand. By far, the largest demand for PGMs is for all forms of catalysis, with the largest demand in auto catalysis. In fact, the biggest driver of demand and price for Pt, Pd, and Rh, in particular, is auto emission regulation, which has driven auto-catalyst design. Recovery of PGMs through recycling is generally good, but some catalytic processes, particularly auto-catalysis, result in significant dissipation. In the US, about 70% of the recycling stream from the end-of-life vehicles is a significant source of global secondary PGMs recovered from spent auto-catalyst. The significant use of PGMs in the large global auto industry is likely to continue, but the long-term transition towards electric vehicles will alter demand profiles.

show abstract

Section: Electronics and Electricalmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…The ITU report that there is currently approximately one phone for every individual on the planet [74]. The biggest growth and markets for these types of phones is China, followed by India [42]. Clearly mobile phone numbers are growing rapidly along with the amount of Pd sequestered in this technology.…”

Section: Electronics and Electricalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platinum Group Metals: A Review of Resources, Production and Usage with a Focus on Catalysts

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“… He et al (2021) projected that from 2020 to 2035, 1.7 billion units of out-of-use feature phones and 1.64 billion units of out-of-use smartphones will be generated in India. Due to this, certain recommendations that the Indian government can implement have been provided.…”

Section: Review Content Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the cooperation between the manufacturers of electronic devices and local waste management authorities should be increased. He et al (2021) projected that from 2020 to 2035, 1.7 billion units of out-of-use feature phones and 1.64 billion units of out-ofuse smartphones will be generated in India. Due to this, certain recommendations that the Indian government can implement have been provided.…”

Section: Cost Of Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposal of obsolete mobile phones: A review on replacement, disposal methods, in-use lifespan, reuse and recycling

Majhi

2022

Waste Manag Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Usage/consumption of mobile phones has increased rapidly around the world. As of April 2021, there were 5.27 billion mobile phone users. Meanwhile, the generation of obsolete mobile phones/mobile phone wastes is also increased mainly due to the replacement of mobile phones. The in-use lifespan of mobile phones is correspondingly getting decreased. The inappropriate disposal of obsolete mobile phones leads to adverse consequences on the environment, human health and on metal recovery. This review article provides an insight on findings from various articles on disposal of obsolete mobile phones by users/consumers. The various aspects, such as reasons for replacement, disposal methods adopted by users/consumers, impact due to the adoption of improper disposal methods such as handing them over to the informal recycling sector and storage/hibernation after its in-use lifespan, were covered. Along with this, the study even focuses on reduce, reuse and recycle (3Rs) of sustainability. Reduce means reduction of mobile phone replacement frequency. Storage of mobile phones post-in-use lifespan is the most opted disposal method, and it is one of the significant barriers to reuse, recycling and metal recovery. When it comes to recycling, the research undertaken on the recycling of obsolete mobile phones is not as in-depth when compared to the research done on recycling of e-waste in general. This article identifies future directions for sustainable end-of-life management of obsolete mobile phones.

show abstract

“…comparación con el estudioAristizábal-Alzate et al, (2021) en Colombia se conoce instituciones de quienes aprovechan los residuos tecnológicos demostrando que el 15.5 % se recicla de formas adecuadas, a diferencia de los estudios de Venegas et al, (2020);He et al, (2021) concluyen que la gestión de residuos tecnológicos ayuda a reducir problemas ambientales aplicando programas de reducción y aprovechando hasta 27 mil toneladas al año a nivel mundial.…”

unclassified

Manejo de desechos tecnológicos e impacto ambiental generados por instituciones de la ciudad de Portoviejo

Valdiviezo

Merino

2023

Ciencia Latina

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Los desechos tecnológicos a nivel mundial afectan al medio ambiente debido a la gestión inadecuada, generando impactos ambientales por su acumulación en el medio, el objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el manejo de los desechos tecnológicos y el impacto ambiental en las instituciones de la ciudad de Portoviejo. Los materiales y métodos que se emplearon fue las encuestas mediante indicadores de percepción social y responsabilidad social e institucional, seleccionado cinco instituciones de la ciudad de Portoviejo como: Hospital de Especialidades de Portoviejo (HEP), Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP), Municipio de Portoviejo (MP), Universidad San Gregorio de Portoviejo (USGP) y Universidad Técnica de Manabí (UTM), mediante muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia se escogió a cinco personas por cada institución del área de servicios, con un total de 25 colaboradores encuestados, se realizó la prueba chi cuadrada al p = 0,05 de significancia, el análisis estadístico se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva y la utilización del software Excel y SPSS V. 25, los resultados obtenidos se evidenció que la mayoría de los encuestados conocen de la gestión de los residuos tecnológicos, mientras que existe deficiencias en el indicador de responsabilidad social e institucional, en conclusión se determinó que el indicador percepción social es alto y en el indicador de responsabilidad social e institucional carece de deficiencias debido a la falta de normativa interna de gestión de residuos tecnológicos.

show abstract

Analyzing present and future availability of critical high-tech minerals in waste cellphones: A case study of India

Abstract: Highlights The amount of waste smartphones and feature phones in India was estimated. The volumes of critical high-tech minerals in waste smartphones and feature phones in India was evaluated. The corresponding implications can enhance the efficient cellphone management in India.

Cited by 24 publications

References 37 publications

Platinum Group Metals: A Review of Resources, Production and Usage with a Focus on Catalysts

Platinum Group Metals: A Review of Resources, Production and Usage with a Focus on Catalysts

Disposal of obsolete mobile phones: A review on replacement, disposal methods, in-use lifespan, reuse and recycling

Manejo de desechos tecnológicos e impacto ambiental generados por instituciones de la ciudad de Portoviejo

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About