“…The cognitive processes underlying the two routes have been extensively investigated in several neuropsychological studies with brain-damaged patients with a focus on the neural and cognitive correlates of imitation of familiar and novel actions (Achilles et al, 2016(Achilles et al, , 2019Bartolo et al, 2001;Cubelli et al, 2000;Goldenberg & Hagmann, 1997;Mengotti et al, 2013;Peigneux et al, 2004;Rumiati et al, 2005;Tessari et al, 2007) and support a network in the left hemisphere: lesions of the ventro-dorsal stream (from medial superior temporal area, MT/MST, to the inferior parietal lobule, and then to the ventral premotor cortex) produce impairments to more conceptual aspects of action representation, such as skilled use and pantomime of objects (e.g., Martin, Nitschke, et al, 2016;Tessari et al, 2007Tessari et al, , 2021. On the contrary, the direct route and the processing of new movements have been associated with the dorso-dorsal stream (from V3a to V6 to V6a, to the superior parietal lobule, and then to the dorsal pre-motor areas (Binkofski & Buxbaum, 2013;Hoeren et al, 2014;Mengotti et al, 2015;Tessari et al, 2007Tessari et al, , 2021. At last, the processing of known gestures and the semantic route have been related with regions belonging to both the ventral (from V2 and V4 to the posterior inferotemporal, the central and the anterior inferotemporal areas) and the ventro-dorsal streams (Hoeren et al, 2014;Martin, Nitschke, et al, 2016;Rijntjes et al, 2012;Rumiati et al, 2005;Tessari et al, 2021;Weiller et al, 2009Weiller et al, , 2011, suggesting that the ventral stream might decode the meaning of a movement (and intransitive gestures particularly), and the ventro-dorsal stream the tool-related, meaningful gestures.…”