Anatomical Basis of the Intermediate Dorsal Pedal Neurocutaneous Perforator Pedicled Propeller Flap: A Cadaveric Dissection

Abstract

Soft tissue defects of the forefoot represent a challenging surgical modality to reconstructive microsurgeons. This study describes the anatomical basis and design of the perforator‐based intermediate dorsal pedal neurocutaneous vascular flap. Thirty fresh human lower limb specimens were injected with red latex and used for dissection of the dorsal vascular and neural anatomy of the foot. The direction and distribution of the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve and the vascular anatomy of the third dorsal artery of the plantar arch, along with the intermediate dorsal neurocutaneous nutrient vessels, were mapped. A simulated flap elevation procedure was performed on one fresh cadaver specimen. A clinical series of five cases is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of using the perforator‐based intermediate dorsal pedal neurocutaneous vascular flap to reconstruct soft‐tissue defects of the forefoot. The intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve usually originates from the lateral branch of the superficial peroneal nerve. Crossing the surface of the cruciate ligament, it descends distally to the proximal part of the fourth intermetatarsal space and divides into the third and fourth dorsal metatarsal branches. The intermediate dorsal cutaneous neural nutrient vessels, which are multi‐segmental and polyphyletic, offer innervation to the skin paddle of the flap elevated on the basis of the third dorsal perforator of the plantar arch. This perforator occupies a relatively constant position in the proximal part of the intermetatarsal space. It sends multiple tiny branches toward the intermediate dorsal cutaneous neural or paraneural nutrient vessel chain. In terms of clinical application, all flaps survived completely; one patient had partial loss of the skin graft. The design and anatomical basis of the intermediate dorsal pedal neurocutaneous vascular flap based on the third dorsal perforator of the plantar arch is a reliable reconstructive option for reconstructing small soft tissue defects in the forefoot. Clin. Anat. 31:1077–1084, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Sequential posterior interosseous artery perforator flap for reconstruction of dorsal hand defects

“…Meanwhile, they also expect the most minimal harm to the appearance and function of the donor area. Fortunately, the rapid development of flap surgery techniques, especially the invention of perforator flap techniques, has made patients' expectations possible (Hu, Hong, et al, 2020; Huang et al, 2018). The core of the perforator flap technique is “minimally invasive and aesthetic,” and its clinical application should follow the principle of “maximum gain/loss ratio,” which means obtaining the best appearance and function of the recipient area with the least damage to the donor area (Jeong & Sang, 2015).…”