Anatomical Variations in Bovine Thoracic Ducts

Kiriki, Wakako; Kozuka, Yuriko; Nasu, Tetsuo; Yasuda, Masahiro

doi:10.1292/jvms.11-0062

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Circular branches sometimes also named rings (Inoue & Makita, 1994;Kiriki et al, 2011), around one or more lumbar and/or dorsal intercostal arteries were previously described in the dog (Gomerčić & Škrtić, 1981), Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) (Inoue & Makita, 1994) and cattle (Kiriki et al, 2011). Circular branches were determined frequently in our studied dogs, i.e.…”

Section: Circular Branchessupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Inoue and Makita (1994) reported on circular branches in 24.4% examined Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata). Furthermore, circular branches were reported in 48% of examined cattle (Kiriki et al, 2011).…”

Section: Circular Branchesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In cats, the caudal and middle part of the thoracic duct course can resemble some stages of embryonic development (Eken et al, 2002). Kiriki et al (2011) observed the three types of anatomical variations in the cattle: double thoracic duct, left thoracic duct course and right thoracic duct course. Inoue and Makita (1994) found nine thoracic duct variations in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical variations of the thoracic duct in the dog

Korpes

Kolenc

Vukičević

et al. 2021

Anat Histol Embryol

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Anatomical variations can be frequently found in the lymphatic system, which is also true for the shape and course of the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus), the biggest lymph vessel in the body. From 2012 to 2019, the thoracic duct was successfully dissected in 43 dog carcasses that were used in the anatomy course at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb. The thoracic duct originated from the cranial border of the cisterna chyli as one lymph vessel in 36 dogs (83.7%), as two vessels in six dogs (14%) and as three vessels in one dog (2.3%). We divided the observed thoracic duct variations into six groups according to their anatomical similarities. Considering the specific embryonic development, we can conclude that all observed variations are the result of minor deviations from the standard ontogenesis. However, the importance of thoracic duct variations is significant in surgical procedures done in the thoracic cavity to prevent or cure the chylothorax. Since this research showed variations in 39 out of 43 dogs (90.7%) throughout the whole course of the thoracic duct, great care must be taken while performing the ligation or embolization of the thoracic duct.

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Section: Circular Branchessupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Circular Branchesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical variations of the thoracic duct in the dog

Korpes

Kolenc

Vukičević

et al. 2021

Anat Histol Embryol

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“…) and 47% of cows (Kiriki et al. ). Whereas only 9% of human subjects have two terminal ducts (Table ), they are present in 50% of cows (Kiriki et al.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas only 9% of human subjects have two terminal ducts (Table ), they are present in 50% of cows (Kiriki et al. ) and 25% of cats (Lindsay, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anatomy and physiology of the terminal thoracic duct and ostial valve in health and disease: potential implications for intervention

et al. 2018

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The thoracic duct (TD) transports lymph drained from the body to the venous system in the neck via the lymphovenous junction. There has been increased interest in the TD lymph (including gut lymph) because of its putative role in the promotion of systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction during acute and critical illness. Minimally invasive TD cannulation has recently been described as a potential method to access TD lymph for investigation. However, marked anatomical variability exists in the terminal segment and the physiology regarding the ostial valve and terminal TD is poorly understood. A systematic review was conducted using three databases from 1909 until May 2017. Human and animal studies were included and data from surgical, radiological and cadaveric studies were retrieved. Sixty-three articles from the last 108 years were included in the analysis. The terminal TD exists as a single duct in its terminal course in 72% of cases and 13% have multiple terminations: double (8.5%), triple (1.8%) and quadruple (2.2%). The ostial valve functions to regulate flow in relation to the respiratory cycle. The patency of this valve found at the lymphovenous junction opening, is determined by venous wall tension. During inspiration, central venous pressure (CVP) falls and the valve cusps collapse to allow antegrade flow of lymph into the vein. During early expiration when CVP and venous wall tension rises, the ostial valve leaflets cover the opening of the lymphovenous junction preventing antegrade lymph flow. During chronic disease states associated with an elevated mean CVP (e.g. in heart failure or cirrhosis), there is a limitation of flow across the lymphovenous junction. Although lymph production is increased in both heart failure and cirrhosis, TD lymph outflow across the lymphovenous junction is unable to compensate for this increase. In conclusion the terminal TD shows marked anatomical variability and TD lymph flow is controlled at the ostial valve, which responds to changes in CVP. This information is relevant to techniques for cannulating the TD, with the aid of minimally invasive methods and high resolution ultrasonography, to enable longitudinal physiology and lymph composition studies in awake patients with both acute and chronic disease.

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Technical note: A method for quantification of saliva secretion and salivary flux of metabolites in dairy cows1

Storm

Kristensen

Røjen

et al. 2013

Journal of Animal Science

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Salivary flow and net jugular flux of metabolites were studied during resting and rumination in 3 lactating dairy cows (BW 548 ± 17.2 kg, days in milk 113 ± 4 d). The method was based on the concentration difference between arterial and jugular blood, and jugular blood flow measured by downstream dilution of p-aminohippuric acid (pAH). Cows were surgically prepared with a permanent arterial catheter in A. intercostales dorsales before the trial. On sampling days, cows were prepared with left and right side jugular, and ear vein catheters for blood sampling and infusion of pAH, respectively. Blood was sampled simultaneously from the 2 jugular veins and artery during periods of rest and rumination. Secretion of saliva was set equal to the net water extraction calculated from the increased hemoglobin concentration in jugular blood compared with arterial blood. Arterial and jugular blood flow summed for both sides of the head doubled (P < 0.001) during rumination (437 ± 19, 424 ± 18 L/h, respectively) compared with resting (210 ± 19, 202 ± 18 L/h, respectively), consequently doubling the saliva secretion (P < 0.001, resting = 7.6 ± 0.8 L/h, rumination = 13.8 ± 0.8 L/h). The extraction of inorganic phosphate (Pi) from arterial blood during resting periods was greater compared with rumination (P = 0.004; resting = 21.7% ± 0.9%; rumination = 15.6% ± 0.9%), resulting in a greater Pi concentration in saliva secreted during resting. The concentrations of Pi in saliva were 4.5 ± 0.3 and 3.7 ± 0.3 times the arterial concentration during resting and rumination (P = 0.09), respectively. The urea concentration in saliva was 0.63 ± 0.04 times the arterial level, showing that urea is less efficiently transferred from blood than water, resulting in a greater numerical urea concentration in jugular compared with arterial blood. The water extraction method presented in the present paper offers an alternative way of estimating saliva secretion without the chewing activity constraints associated with other methods, for example, allowing for determination of saliva flow during rumination.

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Anatomical Variations in Bovine Thoracic Ducts

Cited by 3 publications

References 13 publications

Anatomical variations of the thoracic duct in the dog

Anatomical variations of the thoracic duct in the dog

The anatomy and physiology of the terminal thoracic duct and ostial valve in health and disease: potential implications for intervention

Technical note: A method for quantification of saliva secretion and salivary flux of metabolites in dairy cows1

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