Anatomical variations of the insular gyri: A morphological study and proposal of unified classification

Wysiadecki, Grzegorz; Malkiewicz, A.; Rózniecki, J; Polguj, Michał; Haładaj, Robert; Żytkowski, Andrzej; Topol, Mirosław

doi:10.1002/ca.23060

Cited by 15 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The preliminary classification of the dentate gyri was performed in situ. To verify the rating system, photographic documentation of specimens was obtained, according to previously described protocol [27]. Photographs were processed with MultiScanBase v.18.03 software (Computer Scanning System II, Warsaw, Poland) in order to recheck the assessment of each specimen.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gyral organization in normal human brain may vary between individuals. Thus, an understanding of the anatomical variations in the human cortex may be important for neuroanatomy teaching, diagnostic neuroimaging and for neurosurgical procedures [10,12,13,16,18,27,28]. Anatomy of the hippocampal region is thought to be very complex and difficult to understand for non-specialized neurosurgeons or neurologists [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical variations of the dentate gyrus in normal adult brain

Haładaj

2019

Surg Radiol Anat

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Recent scientific papers indicate the clinical significance of the dentate gyrus. However, a detailed knowledge of the anatomical variations of this structure in normal adult brain is still lacking. An understanding of the variable morphology of the dentate gyrus may be important for diagnostic neuroimaging. Thus, the purpose of this macroscopic cadaveric study was to describe the anatomical variations of the dentate gyrus. Forty formalin-fixed human cerebral hemispheres, obtained from bodies of donors without the history of neuropathological diseases, were included in the study. The dentate gyrus was classified as well-developed, when it protruded completely from under the fimbria of the hippocampus. The gyrus was classified as underdeveloped, when it was covered by the fimbria of the hippocampus (but clearly visible at the coronal section of the hippocampal formation), while the hypoplastic gyrus was not visible macroscopically under the fimbria of the hippocampus. The well-developed type was observed in 27 cases (67.5%). The thickness of well-developed type of the dentate gyrus, measured between the fimbriodentate sulcus and hippocampal sulcus, varied from 2.74 to 5.21 mm (mean = 3.67 mm, median = 5.54 mm, SD 0.65 mm). In the next nine cases (22.5%), the dentate gyrus was underdeveloped. The thickness of underdeveloped type of the dentate gyrus varied from 1.75 to 2.37 mm (mean = 2.02 mm, median = 2.16 mm, SD 0.33 mm). In the remaining four cases (10%), the dentate gyrus was hypoplastic and could not be distinguished macroscopically. In all injected hemispheres, arterial supply of the dentate gyrus was provided by the branches of the posterior cerebral artery. Awareness of normal variations of the dentate gyrus may allow for better correlation of anatomical knowledge with radiological data and for use this knowledge to describe abnormal conditions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical variations of the dentate gyrus in normal adult brain

Haładaj

2019

Surg Radiol Anat

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“…There are usually two long ( longus ) gyri in the posterior lobule (l1 and l2), three short ( brevis ) anterior gyri in the anterior lobule (s1, s2, and s3), and one accessory gyrus (ac), which is continuous with the ventral transverse gyrus (t). The orientation and size of the gyri as well as the exact number of short gyri varies across individuals and hemispheres (Wysiadecki et al, 2018). The accessory gyrus varies in volume and demarcation (Ture et al, 1999; Wysiadecki et al, 2018).…”

Section: Macroscopic Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The orientation and size of the gyri as well as the exact number of short gyri varies across individuals and hemispheres (Wysiadecki et al, 2018). The accessory gyrus varies in volume and demarcation (Ture et al, 1999; Wysiadecki et al, 2018). When large, it is separated from the anterior short gyrus by a distinct folding (named here “accessory APS”, aAPS) that bifurcates from the actual APS (Ture et al, 1999).…”

Section: Macroscopic Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Organization of the Primate Insular Cortex

2019

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Long perceived as a primitive and poorly differentiated brain structure, the primate insular cortex recently emerged as a highly evolved, organized and richly connected cortical hub interfacing bodily states with sensorimotor, environmental, and limbic activities. This insular interface likely substantiates emotional embodiment and has the potential to have a key role in the interoceptive shaping of cognitive processes, including perceptual awareness. In this review, we present a novel working model of the insular cortex, based on an accumulation of neuroanatomical and functional evidence obtained essentially in the macaque monkey. This model proposes that interoceptive afferents that represent the ongoing physiological status of all the organs of the body are first being received in the granular dorsal fundus of the insula or “primary interoceptive cortex,” then processed through a series of dysgranular poly-modal “insular stripes,” and finally integrated in anterior agranular areas that serve as an additional sensory platform for visceral functions and as an output stage for efferent autonomic regulation. One of the agranular areas hosts the specialized von Economo and Fork neurons, which could provide a decisive evolutionary advantage for the role of the anterior insula in the autonomic and emotional binding inherent to subjective awareness.

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“…Despite the variation in the number of gyri in each lobe, the anterior lobe is usually composed by three gyri (anterior, middle and posterior short insular gyri) separated by the short insular sulcus and the pre-central insular sulcus, and a variable accessory gyrus. The posterior lobe normally only has two gyri (anterior and posterior long insular gyri) separated from each other by the post-central insular sulcus [14,15,[18][19][20]. Functionally, the insular cortex plays an important role in cognitive processes [21] like pain processing [22][23][24], language and speech production [8,26,27], and processing of auditory stimuli [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurosurgical anatomy of the insular cortex

Cunha-Cabral

Silva

Alves

et al. 2019

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the morphology of the insular cortex focusing not only on the shape of the insula, but also on sulcal and gyral organization.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty formalin-fixed adult brain hemispheres had their insula exposed and photographed. The dimensions of each gyrus and sulcus were measured using an image analysis software. The morphometric data obtained was statistically analysed.RESULTS: The insular cortex shape alternates between triangular and trapezoid, being the triangular shape the most common (75%). The angle between the posterior and inferior periinsular sulcus in the trapezoid insulae had a mean range of 131.17° (SD = 12.277). A minimum of 3 and a maximum of 6 insular gyri were observed, being 5 the most common total number of gyri observed. The accessory gyrus was present in 66% of the insulae and well-developed in 38% of the cases. A statistical association between the number of gyri in the posterior lobe and the presence of a novel gyrus or a more developed accessory gyrus in the anterior lobe was found (P = 0.006). The posterior short gyrus was the longest of the short gyri (P < 0.001), followed by the anterior short gyrus (P < 0.001). The anterior long gyrus was the largest of the long gyri (P = 0.003). The contribution of each of the short gyri to the formation of the insular apex was inconstant. The most common observed apex arrangement was the combination of the anterior and of the middle short gyri.CONCLUSIONS: This study makes a strong contribution to the understanding of the insular cortex anatomy, allowing neurosurgeons to be more capable to decide the best approach to this cortical area. HighlightsHighlights are mandatory for this journal as they help increase the discoverability of your article via search engines. They consist of a short collection of bullet points that capture the novel results of your research as well as new methods that were used during the study (if any). Please have a look at the examples here: example Highlights.Highlights should be submitted in a separate editable file in the online submission system. Please use 'Highlights' in the file name and include 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85 characters, including spaces, per bullet point).

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Anatomical variations of the insular gyri: A morphological study and proposal of unified classification

Cited by 15 publications

References 24 publications

Anatomical variations of the dentate gyrus in normal adult brain

Anatomical variations of the dentate gyrus in normal adult brain

The Organization of the Primate Insular Cortex

Neurosurgical anatomy of the insular cortex

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